Illegal Alien
illegal alien refers to a foreign-born person not a citizen or national of the United States who is physically present within the United States unlawfully. An alien may lack legal immigration status because he or she entered the United States illegally, or because he or she remains here illegally after having entered legally. Immigration status is governed by federal law. Currently, lawful forms of admission include, but are not limited to, (1) admission for permanent residence; (2) admission for a temporary stay for authorized purposes, such as diplomacy, business, pleasure, education, cultural and artistic activities, athletics, and certain employment; (3) admission as a refugee or asylum seeker; and (4) temporary parole into the United States for urgent humanitarian reasons or for reasons in the public interest. Once an illegal alien is present within the United States, that individual may be eligible for an adjustment of status to that of a legal resident.
Admission into the United States may be denied or restricted on a variety of grounds, including, but not limited to, (1) numerical limitations based on worldwide levels of immigration, country of origin, familial status, employment status, immigration status, and other factors; (2) health-related grounds, such as a physical or mental disorder that may pose a threat to the safety, welfare, or property of the alien or the public; (3) criminal grounds, such as conviction for crimes of moral turpitude, crimes relating to controlled substances, prostitution, or commercialized vice; (4) security grounds, related to espionage, sabotage, terrorism, violent overthrow of the government, membership in the Communist Party, participation in genocide, or other proscribed activity; (5) the likelihood that the alien will become a “public charge,” based on factors such as age, health, family status, financial resources, education, and skills; (5) the alien seeks to enter the United States to perform skilled or unskilled labor, where the performance of such labor may adversely affect workers in the United States, or the alien lacks prescribed professional credentials and qualifications, or certain conditions imposed upon the prospective employer of the alien have not been met; (6) the alien lacks proper documentation, such as a valid immigrant or nonimmigrant visa issued by the United States, or a valid passport or similar document; (7) the alien has violated certain provisions of the immigration laws relating to admission into the United States; (8) the alien has committed some other specified offense(s), such as draft evasion, polygamy, or child abduction. Illegal aliens who are physically present in the United States, and thus within its territorial jurisdiction, are bound to obey the law, and they also are entitled to the protection of the law. Although the civil rights enjoyed by illegal aliens are not necessarily coextensive with those afforded citizens and legal residents, illegal aliens are entitled to protection under the U.S. Constitution. For example, illegal aliens enjoy freedom of speech and of the press under the First Amendment, and freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures (with notable limitations relating to entry and deportation) under the Fourth Amendment. Illegal aliens may not be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law under the Fifth and the Fourteenth Amendments. The Sixth Amendment’s provisions securing certain rights to the accused in criminal proceedings apply to illegal aliens, as do the Eighth Amendment’s prohibitions against excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment. Illegal aliens are entitled to equal protection of the law under the Fourteenth Amendment. Illegal aliens may sue to enforce their civil rights under federal civil rights statutes.
Despite enjoying these and other legal rights under federal and state law, illegal aliens also face significant legal disabilities and penalties. Illegal entry into the United States is a crime punishable by fines, imprisonment, and civil penalties. Illegal aliens who are apprehended are subject to detention and may be ordered removed from the country unless eligible for a waiver or for an adjustment of immigration status. Illegal aliens (like all noncitizens) do not have the right to vote. Unless granted employment authorization, an illegal alien may not lawfully be employed. Illegal aliens may be disqualified from receiving some public welfare benefits.
Source :http://www.englisharticles.info/2011/04/22/illegal-alien/
Selasa, 03 Mei 2011
Diving & Snorkeling In Paradise (Article)
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Discover Bunaken Island, one of the world's top diving destinations with its colourful and unspoiled coral gardens; warm crystal-clear blue water and "home for more fish species than even the Great Barrier Reef" (International Oceanographic Institute, 2006).
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Whether you want Discover Scuba Diving, enroll to an Advanced Diver Training, go diving on you own or you just want to do snorkeling at Liang beach, or go on a day diving trip, we can help you find the right dive experience or diving course to suit your needs.
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Especially for "Macro Diving Fans" all five islands of the National Marine Park are highly recognized and treasured by diving experts all over the world.
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The town Manado hosted the World Ocean Conference 2009 & Coral Reef Triangle Initiative in Manado. Especially environmental & sustainable tourism issues were discussed, in order to conserve the unspoiled paradise composed of high diversity and rare corals and fish species. One example is the „Coelacanth“ an ancient fish, which scientists so far believed had gone extinct with the dinosaurs.
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Our well trained and friendly English, German & Dutch speaking staff will happily assist and guide you to share with you responsibly this underwater beautiful paradise.
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Also for our swimming and snorkeling guests, we are more than fortunate to offer you, only being few meters in front of the resort's beach, a stunning coral reef drop-off, which allows you to experience nearly a full diving experience. This can be found only on very few diving spots around the world.
Diving in Paradise
So you will be amazed finding the following:
Turtles, White Reef Shark/-Black Sharks, Eagle Rays, Trevallies, Barracudas, Moray Eels, Nudibranches, Scorpion fish, Leaf fish, Pipe fish, Frog fish, Mimic Octopus, Lion fish, Cockatoo wasp fish and many more.
source : http://www.bunaken.nl/diving_in_paradise.htm?gclid=CMnm7Z6ny6gCFQIb6wodkQyipA
Discover Bunaken Island, one of the world's top diving destinations with its colourful and unspoiled coral gardens; warm crystal-clear blue water and "home for more fish species than even the Great Barrier Reef" (International Oceanographic Institute, 2006).
*
Whether you want Discover Scuba Diving, enroll to an Advanced Diver Training, go diving on you own or you just want to do snorkeling at Liang beach, or go on a day diving trip, we can help you find the right dive experience or diving course to suit your needs.
*
Especially for "Macro Diving Fans" all five islands of the National Marine Park are highly recognized and treasured by diving experts all over the world.
*
The town Manado hosted the World Ocean Conference 2009 & Coral Reef Triangle Initiative in Manado. Especially environmental & sustainable tourism issues were discussed, in order to conserve the unspoiled paradise composed of high diversity and rare corals and fish species. One example is the „Coelacanth“ an ancient fish, which scientists so far believed had gone extinct with the dinosaurs.
*
Our well trained and friendly English, German & Dutch speaking staff will happily assist and guide you to share with you responsibly this underwater beautiful paradise.
*
Also for our swimming and snorkeling guests, we are more than fortunate to offer you, only being few meters in front of the resort's beach, a stunning coral reef drop-off, which allows you to experience nearly a full diving experience. This can be found only on very few diving spots around the world.
Diving in Paradise
So you will be amazed finding the following:
Turtles, White Reef Shark/-Black Sharks, Eagle Rays, Trevallies, Barracudas, Moray Eels, Nudibranches, Scorpion fish, Leaf fish, Pipe fish, Frog fish, Mimic Octopus, Lion fish, Cockatoo wasp fish and many more.
source : http://www.bunaken.nl/diving_in_paradise.htm?gclid=CMnm7Z6ny6gCFQIb6wodkQyipA
Treatment at home brings peace of mind (Article)
“You don’t wear glasses anymore?” This is a question that Apung, a young professional, was often asked by friends, and he always gave the same brief reply, “Thanks to laser treatment.”
Apung had his treatment a decade ago. Today the laser treatment that Muhammad Nurrahmansyah, nicknamed Apung, refers to is better known as “Lasik”, which stands for “Laser-In-Situ Keratomileusis” and has gained great popularity. This is a procedure that several hospitals in Jakarta and other major cities in Indonesia offer to improve one’s eyesight using cold laser radiation. With Lasik, poor eyesight can be improved so that one no longer needs to wear glasses, no matter whether far-sighted or near-sighted. Some people are uncomfortable wearing glasses, with only a few believing they are more attractive when wearing glasses.
Aryani also enjoys the great benefits of Lasik. A housewife living in Jakarta, she is grateful that she no longer needs to wear glasses. “Many of my friends were surprised to see me after I had Lasik treatment because they were used to seeing me wear thick glasses,” said Aryani, who had Lasik treatment seven years ago. Besides Apung and Aryani, many executives and celebrities have been able to abandon their glasses thanks to Lasik. Robby Tumewu, Helmi Yahya, Sarah Sechan, Rio Febrian and Nurul Arifin are but a few in this group.
Lasik first became known in Indonesia in the early 1990s. In Jakarta there are many places where you can have Lasik treatment done, such as the Jakarta Eye Center, Laser Sight Center and Nusantara Eye Clinic. Using sophisticated equipment, these clinics promise that they can identify, measure and correct eye problems accurately. A patient can have painless laser treatment in a very short time as an outpatient.
At the Jakarta Eye Center, Lasik is conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a flap (thin layer) in the cornea is made using laser rays. In the second stage, this flap is removed and laser rays are beamed onto the inner part of the cornea so that a new cornea surface forms. After this is done, the flap is returned to its original position and in three minutes it will automatically stick to the cornea, therefore requiring no stitching. “Lasik is painless and takes only a very short time,” said Aryani, who had Lasik done on her eyes at Jakarta Eye Center.
Anybody aged 18 years upwards may have Lasik with the exception of pregnant women or breast-feeding mothers. Prior to having Lasik, a patient must do away with his or her soft contact lenses for 14 days or hard contact lens for 30 days at a stretch.
For both eyes, Lasik takes less than 20 minutes. However, in such a brief span of time, a doctor must make a lot of very important decisions. That’s why it is wise to always entrust your Lasik treatment to an experienced eye health service center with complete facilities and reliable as well as experienced doctors.
Various providers of Lasik treatment in Indonesia use the latest technology. Allegretto Wave Eye-Q, which is claimed to be the world’s fastest Lasik machine, is used by the Jakarta Eye Center. Meanwhile, the Laser Sight Center Indonesia uses technology from Bausch & Lomb, a German company specifically producing all its own wavefront analyzer systems so that it can offer an integrated system called ZyOptix.
Dr. Sjakon G. Tahija, president director of PT Austindo Nusantara Jaya (ANJ) Healthcare Services Division, said that Nusantara Eye Clinic uses VISX Lasik technology with a VISX Star S4 Excimer Laser System and the WaveScan Wavefront System.
The latest technology used by various providers of Lasik treatment leads to a high level of public confidence. Nurul Arifin entrusted her eyesight to the Laser Sight Center Indonesia at Mal Kelapa Gading in North Jakarta while Apung and Aryani had their Lasik treatment at the Jakarta Eye Center.
Anyone wanting Lasik treatment so that they can throw away their glasses must be ready to dig deep into their pockets. In Indonesia, it costs between Rp 8 million and dozens of millions of rupiah to have Lasik done on one eye. The fee depends on the result of your doctor’s analysis of your eye problems requiring a Lasik solution.
High fees aside, it is obvious that many hospitals in Indonesia continue to improve their medical capability and technologies in an effort to provide health care services to the people in the middle to upper-class, who usually go overseas for medical treatment. Aside from Lasik, a service now available in many places in Indonesia, heart and stroke patients as well as patients with other internal organ disorders can enjoy speedy and easy help for their ailments.
Harapan Kita Hospital in Jakarta, for example, has a German-made Multi Slice CT Scan. Costing about euro 1 million, this instrument can speedily and accurately detect any damage in the internal organs.
The scan gives results of high accuracy because it can view the internal part of an organ up to 16 slices. Before being scanned, a patient is given an injection of a contrast substance so that the organs to be examined can be clearly viewed on the monitor. The patient lies down for the scan, which is painless. A scan of 16 slices of a particular organ enables the doctor to accurately diagnose a patient’s condition. In addition, the possibility of a future stroke can also be detected as the scanner can examine carefully the condition of a patient’s blood vessels.
The latest and sophisticated technology in CT Scan with 64 slices is also available at Medistra Hospital, Jakarta. With this machine, a doctor can view a person’s coronary heart blood vessels in a non-invasive manner (without using heart catheterization). Indonesians commonly go abroad for scans of this caliber, which can detect plaque (of cholesterol) that causes arteriosclerosis.
In Jakarta, a Multi-Slice CT Scan examination costs between Rp 500,000 and Rp 6 million. In Malaysia the cost ranges from Rp 5 million to Rp 16 million. Meanwhile, at the Singapore Heart, Stroke & Cancer center the cost ranges from S$5,000 to S$7,000.
Now that hi-tech medical equipment is available in Indonesia, there is no further need to travel abroad for medical treatment because there is sophisticated technology here. Traveling abroad for medical treatment entails a great outlay of money to cover the cost of treatment and accommodation, plus you may not enjoy the peace of mind that you may have when undergoing medical treatment at home. It is this factor that has become an opportunity for many hospitals to cash in on in providing services to patients who usually go abroad for medical treatment.[Asep Saefullah]
The Jakarta Post, Supplement – May 30, 2006
Apung had his treatment a decade ago. Today the laser treatment that Muhammad Nurrahmansyah, nicknamed Apung, refers to is better known as “Lasik”, which stands for “Laser-In-Situ Keratomileusis” and has gained great popularity. This is a procedure that several hospitals in Jakarta and other major cities in Indonesia offer to improve one’s eyesight using cold laser radiation. With Lasik, poor eyesight can be improved so that one no longer needs to wear glasses, no matter whether far-sighted or near-sighted. Some people are uncomfortable wearing glasses, with only a few believing they are more attractive when wearing glasses.
Aryani also enjoys the great benefits of Lasik. A housewife living in Jakarta, she is grateful that she no longer needs to wear glasses. “Many of my friends were surprised to see me after I had Lasik treatment because they were used to seeing me wear thick glasses,” said Aryani, who had Lasik treatment seven years ago. Besides Apung and Aryani, many executives and celebrities have been able to abandon their glasses thanks to Lasik. Robby Tumewu, Helmi Yahya, Sarah Sechan, Rio Febrian and Nurul Arifin are but a few in this group.
Lasik first became known in Indonesia in the early 1990s. In Jakarta there are many places where you can have Lasik treatment done, such as the Jakarta Eye Center, Laser Sight Center and Nusantara Eye Clinic. Using sophisticated equipment, these clinics promise that they can identify, measure and correct eye problems accurately. A patient can have painless laser treatment in a very short time as an outpatient.
At the Jakarta Eye Center, Lasik is conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a flap (thin layer) in the cornea is made using laser rays. In the second stage, this flap is removed and laser rays are beamed onto the inner part of the cornea so that a new cornea surface forms. After this is done, the flap is returned to its original position and in three minutes it will automatically stick to the cornea, therefore requiring no stitching. “Lasik is painless and takes only a very short time,” said Aryani, who had Lasik done on her eyes at Jakarta Eye Center.
Anybody aged 18 years upwards may have Lasik with the exception of pregnant women or breast-feeding mothers. Prior to having Lasik, a patient must do away with his or her soft contact lenses for 14 days or hard contact lens for 30 days at a stretch.
For both eyes, Lasik takes less than 20 minutes. However, in such a brief span of time, a doctor must make a lot of very important decisions. That’s why it is wise to always entrust your Lasik treatment to an experienced eye health service center with complete facilities and reliable as well as experienced doctors.
Various providers of Lasik treatment in Indonesia use the latest technology. Allegretto Wave Eye-Q, which is claimed to be the world’s fastest Lasik machine, is used by the Jakarta Eye Center. Meanwhile, the Laser Sight Center Indonesia uses technology from Bausch & Lomb, a German company specifically producing all its own wavefront analyzer systems so that it can offer an integrated system called ZyOptix.
Dr. Sjakon G. Tahija, president director of PT Austindo Nusantara Jaya (ANJ) Healthcare Services Division, said that Nusantara Eye Clinic uses VISX Lasik technology with a VISX Star S4 Excimer Laser System and the WaveScan Wavefront System.
The latest technology used by various providers of Lasik treatment leads to a high level of public confidence. Nurul Arifin entrusted her eyesight to the Laser Sight Center Indonesia at Mal Kelapa Gading in North Jakarta while Apung and Aryani had their Lasik treatment at the Jakarta Eye Center.
Anyone wanting Lasik treatment so that they can throw away their glasses must be ready to dig deep into their pockets. In Indonesia, it costs between Rp 8 million and dozens of millions of rupiah to have Lasik done on one eye. The fee depends on the result of your doctor’s analysis of your eye problems requiring a Lasik solution.
High fees aside, it is obvious that many hospitals in Indonesia continue to improve their medical capability and technologies in an effort to provide health care services to the people in the middle to upper-class, who usually go overseas for medical treatment. Aside from Lasik, a service now available in many places in Indonesia, heart and stroke patients as well as patients with other internal organ disorders can enjoy speedy and easy help for their ailments.
Harapan Kita Hospital in Jakarta, for example, has a German-made Multi Slice CT Scan. Costing about euro 1 million, this instrument can speedily and accurately detect any damage in the internal organs.
The scan gives results of high accuracy because it can view the internal part of an organ up to 16 slices. Before being scanned, a patient is given an injection of a contrast substance so that the organs to be examined can be clearly viewed on the monitor. The patient lies down for the scan, which is painless. A scan of 16 slices of a particular organ enables the doctor to accurately diagnose a patient’s condition. In addition, the possibility of a future stroke can also be detected as the scanner can examine carefully the condition of a patient’s blood vessels.
The latest and sophisticated technology in CT Scan with 64 slices is also available at Medistra Hospital, Jakarta. With this machine, a doctor can view a person’s coronary heart blood vessels in a non-invasive manner (without using heart catheterization). Indonesians commonly go abroad for scans of this caliber, which can detect plaque (of cholesterol) that causes arteriosclerosis.
In Jakarta, a Multi-Slice CT Scan examination costs between Rp 500,000 and Rp 6 million. In Malaysia the cost ranges from Rp 5 million to Rp 16 million. Meanwhile, at the Singapore Heart, Stroke & Cancer center the cost ranges from S$5,000 to S$7,000.
Now that hi-tech medical equipment is available in Indonesia, there is no further need to travel abroad for medical treatment because there is sophisticated technology here. Traveling abroad for medical treatment entails a great outlay of money to cover the cost of treatment and accommodation, plus you may not enjoy the peace of mind that you may have when undergoing medical treatment at home. It is this factor that has become an opportunity for many hospitals to cash in on in providing services to patients who usually go abroad for medical treatment.[Asep Saefullah]
The Jakarta Post, Supplement – May 30, 2006
The Power of A Bedtime Chat (article)
Empowering rural women is a good way to preserve the area’s forests
Yusuf doesn’t put on airs when he visits the villagers in the collection of hamlets bordering the area’s conservation forest. Because of his simple, down-to-earth manner, officials from the Forestry and Plantation District Office of Central Lampung are always welcome in Sendang Baru village. As the district head of forest-area management, Yusuf will happily travel for three hours along bumpy, pot-holed roads to speak to communities living around the forest. Often he spends the night in these villages to see old friends and track the community’s progress in conserving the forests.
By keeping up a harmonious relationship with the Sendang Baru villagers and guiding them in agricultural programmes, Yusuf has succeeded in eliminating the typical conflicts that occur between the local government and communities in other forest areas in Indonesia. He has also persuaded the community to conserve the forests they live in. Masri, a villager from Sendang Baru, admits he was formerly involved in illegal logging until he joined the district’s agricultural programme. Since then, he says, members of the community have caught loggers several times and taken them to the Forestry Police. “The forest earns us a living, so whoever conducts illegal logging will be caught,” he said.
The Central Lampung forest, at around 450,000 acres, makes up only a tenth of the total area in the regency. “That number is still far from that required by the 1999 Forestry Law, which stipulates that 30 percent of the whole area should be covered in vegetation. Therefore, after we succeed in preserving the existing forests, we will expand them,” Yusuf said.
Watala (an environmental conservation organisation), the Forestry and Plantation District Office helps village communities grow non-timber forest products without destroying the land they live in. Villagers are encouraged to organise themselves into farmer groups and are trained in a range of skills – from crop cultivation and animal husbandry, to managerial and basic accounting skills. A former head of the District Forestry Office, Isyanto, said the cooperation between the regional agency and Watala came about because of necessity. “We still lack experience and knowledge or managerial and proposal writing skills. Therefore, Watala’s role is very important in the facilitation of programmes for this forest area,” Isyanto said.
He believes efforts to foster cooperation among stakeholders on forestry issues has proven successful. “If we did not collaborate with Watala, the trees in Sendang Baru forest would likely all be gone by now.”
Firman Seponada, working for Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (Walhi) Lampung said the model of collaboration between the government and NGOs in managing the forests in Central Lampung regency is one that other regencies should follow. “In terms of environmental problems, when people and the government are in conflict, then an NGO should be present to find a solution,” he said.
In Sendang Baru, Watala and Forestry and Plantation District Office guide two women and four male farmer groups. Taking advantage of existing agricultural businesses in the area, they train the farmers to make the best use out of the traditional crops and livestock they grow. The programme also introduced them to new sources of income. The involvement of women is important, Yusuf says. “Women often express their ideas to the men, who unfortunately are still felling trees in the forest. “If we told the men directly that we must conserve the forest, it would be less effective. Instead, we explain the situation to their wives, who then talk to the men – we’ve found this strategy to be more effective,” Yusuf said.
Women are also good at organising and managing, he said. With more spare time than the men working out in the fields, they can be trained to manage the produce grown in the village plantations, he said. Sri Banon, the head of the women’s Farmer Group – Wanita Tani Lestari Organisation, said the training from the Forestry and Plantation District Office has increased families’ income. “We were trained how to make banana crackers, coconut sugar, and coffee powder. Now all of my family’s needs can be fulfilled,” she said. “With our current income, there is no need to fell trees and take the risk of being jailed.” While the women in the women’s farmer group manage the cultivation of semi-processed products, another group is involved in fisheries and goat rearing as well as banana cultivation. All the groups are trained in financial management, Yusuf said. “If they need money urgently – for their children’s books or school fees, then they can borrow from the collective.”
It has been relatively easy to find markets for the farmer’s products. The bananas from Sendang Baru village are now being sent to Muara Angke and Bintaro in Jakarta. Since the development programmes began, production has increased to around three tonnes a week. Muhammad Kubar, the second assistant for Economy and Development in the Central Lampung regency government, said the existence of new income sources has led to a decrease in deforestation in the project areas. Forest destruction has always been caused by economic factors, he said. Either because poor communities cleared the forests to survive, or because interests that are more powerful wanted to make quick money, he said. “Those destroying the forest to survive are usually people who live in or around the forest. The only way to cope with this problem is to improve people’s welfare.”
Zubair also said the involvement of women in the forest conservation programme is essential. The image of a rural woman playing servant to her husband is outdated, he said. Wives have plenty of power over their husbands, and they know how to use it. “In fact, women often forbid their husbands to fell trees in the forests in the chit-chat they have before going to bed.” **
Source: http://asep.wordpress.com/2006/12/26/the-power-of-a-bedtime-chat/
Yusuf doesn’t put on airs when he visits the villagers in the collection of hamlets bordering the area’s conservation forest. Because of his simple, down-to-earth manner, officials from the Forestry and Plantation District Office of Central Lampung are always welcome in Sendang Baru village. As the district head of forest-area management, Yusuf will happily travel for three hours along bumpy, pot-holed roads to speak to communities living around the forest. Often he spends the night in these villages to see old friends and track the community’s progress in conserving the forests.
By keeping up a harmonious relationship with the Sendang Baru villagers and guiding them in agricultural programmes, Yusuf has succeeded in eliminating the typical conflicts that occur between the local government and communities in other forest areas in Indonesia. He has also persuaded the community to conserve the forests they live in. Masri, a villager from Sendang Baru, admits he was formerly involved in illegal logging until he joined the district’s agricultural programme. Since then, he says, members of the community have caught loggers several times and taken them to the Forestry Police. “The forest earns us a living, so whoever conducts illegal logging will be caught,” he said.
The Central Lampung forest, at around 450,000 acres, makes up only a tenth of the total area in the regency. “That number is still far from that required by the 1999 Forestry Law, which stipulates that 30 percent of the whole area should be covered in vegetation. Therefore, after we succeed in preserving the existing forests, we will expand them,” Yusuf said.
Watala (an environmental conservation organisation), the Forestry and Plantation District Office helps village communities grow non-timber forest products without destroying the land they live in. Villagers are encouraged to organise themselves into farmer groups and are trained in a range of skills – from crop cultivation and animal husbandry, to managerial and basic accounting skills. A former head of the District Forestry Office, Isyanto, said the cooperation between the regional agency and Watala came about because of necessity. “We still lack experience and knowledge or managerial and proposal writing skills. Therefore, Watala’s role is very important in the facilitation of programmes for this forest area,” Isyanto said.
He believes efforts to foster cooperation among stakeholders on forestry issues has proven successful. “If we did not collaborate with Watala, the trees in Sendang Baru forest would likely all be gone by now.”
Firman Seponada, working for Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (Walhi) Lampung said the model of collaboration between the government and NGOs in managing the forests in Central Lampung regency is one that other regencies should follow. “In terms of environmental problems, when people and the government are in conflict, then an NGO should be present to find a solution,” he said.
In Sendang Baru, Watala and Forestry and Plantation District Office guide two women and four male farmer groups. Taking advantage of existing agricultural businesses in the area, they train the farmers to make the best use out of the traditional crops and livestock they grow. The programme also introduced them to new sources of income. The involvement of women is important, Yusuf says. “Women often express their ideas to the men, who unfortunately are still felling trees in the forest. “If we told the men directly that we must conserve the forest, it would be less effective. Instead, we explain the situation to their wives, who then talk to the men – we’ve found this strategy to be more effective,” Yusuf said.
Women are also good at organising and managing, he said. With more spare time than the men working out in the fields, they can be trained to manage the produce grown in the village plantations, he said. Sri Banon, the head of the women’s Farmer Group – Wanita Tani Lestari Organisation, said the training from the Forestry and Plantation District Office has increased families’ income. “We were trained how to make banana crackers, coconut sugar, and coffee powder. Now all of my family’s needs can be fulfilled,” she said. “With our current income, there is no need to fell trees and take the risk of being jailed.” While the women in the women’s farmer group manage the cultivation of semi-processed products, another group is involved in fisheries and goat rearing as well as banana cultivation. All the groups are trained in financial management, Yusuf said. “If they need money urgently – for their children’s books or school fees, then they can borrow from the collective.”
It has been relatively easy to find markets for the farmer’s products. The bananas from Sendang Baru village are now being sent to Muara Angke and Bintaro in Jakarta. Since the development programmes began, production has increased to around three tonnes a week. Muhammad Kubar, the second assistant for Economy and Development in the Central Lampung regency government, said the existence of new income sources has led to a decrease in deforestation in the project areas. Forest destruction has always been caused by economic factors, he said. Either because poor communities cleared the forests to survive, or because interests that are more powerful wanted to make quick money, he said. “Those destroying the forest to survive are usually people who live in or around the forest. The only way to cope with this problem is to improve people’s welfare.”
Zubair also said the involvement of women in the forest conservation programme is essential. The image of a rural woman playing servant to her husband is outdated, he said. Wives have plenty of power over their husbands, and they know how to use it. “In fact, women often forbid their husbands to fell trees in the forests in the chit-chat they have before going to bed.” **
Source: http://asep.wordpress.com/2006/12/26/the-power-of-a-bedtime-chat/
Camcorders, projectors make life enjoyable (article)
It was a hot Friday afternoon in mid 2006 in Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi. The hot weather, however, had no effect on Alim, a non- governmental organization worker, who on that afternoon sat absorbed in front of his computer with three electric fans cooling the hot air.
“Hot weather is all right for me as long as my computer works,” he said.
What was he doing? He was processing a video recording of activities conducted by his organization.
After a while, carrying a CD he left his room and went into the meeting room. With the help of a notebook and a projector, the video recording was projected onto the wall and dozens of people watched the documentary as if they were in a theater.
Thanks to technological developments, with a video camera and a computer you can make a film. Of course, first of all you must acquire the technical skills of operating these instruments. Various video camera producers are now competing to market their superior products, which are not only sophisticated but also come with various smart features. Besides, the prices are relatively lower than they were a few years ago.
Samsung Electronics, for example, has promised to introduce various revolutionary products this year, including Samsung VP-X210L, to strengthen its position as a market leader. “With the Samsung VP-X210L Sports Camcorder, hurdles in video recording can be minimized. This camcorder makes it easier to record an object hands-free and the durability of the batteries is also longer,” Lee Mun Bong, managing director of PT Samsung Electronics Indonesia, said at Ritz Carlton Hotel, Jakarta.
The Samsung VP-X210L, he said, is a future sports camcorder whose recording speed can be boosted by up to 25 percent with an optical zoom of 10 times. “The electronic picture stabilizer of the VP-210L makes sure that all features of an athlete will be recorded with great clarity,” he added.
As the use of a DVD format, which is capable of producing clearer pictures, is now gaining greater popularity, producers spare no time cashing in on this trend by offering various DVD-format video cameras complete with various sophisticated features that make it even easier for a user to make video recordings.
One such producer is PT Panasonic Gobel Indonesia, which has released its VDR-D300, VDR-D250 and VDR-D150 DVD-format video camera series. The VDR series allows recording output to be stored in the SD Card memory disc, thereby making it very practical to transfer it to a computer for editing. Technological sophistication and easy operation is, of course, helpful to the user in translating ideas into reality.
Another audio-video product that is gaining popularity is the projector. During the recently concluded FIFA World Cup Championship in Germany, people could not only watch the soccer matches on TV, but also on large screen thanks to projectors. Initially, a projector was invented for presentations in meeting rooms.
Today, however, many use one to watch movies or TV programs, such as aired soccer matches. Datascrip Business Solutions, which markets Optoma products in Indonesia, has launched at least seven series of Optoma projectors using Digital Light Processing (DLP) technology, namely DV10, EP729, EP7161, EP719, EP739H, EP758 and EP759.
DLP technology, said Jeremy Hemanto, manager of the multimedia division of PT Datascrip, uses an optical semi-conductor, which is better known as a Digital Micromirror Device (DVD Chip) to re-portray the existing material of a presentation. “With a Digital Light Processing processor, a projector is available at an affordable price and can be used by practically anybody in Indonesia,” he said.
Optoma, he said, is the leader in the world market of projectors using DLP technology, and in the third quarter of 2005 it enjoyed a market share of some 13.6 percent. Optoma of the EP729 series is a micro portable projector measuring 200 mm by 62.5 mm by 150 mm and weighing 0.99 kg. “Thanks to its brightness level of 1,600 ANSI lumens, this projector can present more lively pictures for various applications,” Jeremy said.
As for Optoma of the DV10 series, which is usually called MovieTime TM, it is a digital projector with an integrated DVD player and speakers. One can watch a movie using this device alone. Indeed, sophisticated technology has made it much easier for everybody to enjoy entertainment at home. [Asep Saefullah]
THE JAKARTA POST — TUESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2006 — PAGE 18
“Hot weather is all right for me as long as my computer works,” he said.
What was he doing? He was processing a video recording of activities conducted by his organization.
After a while, carrying a CD he left his room and went into the meeting room. With the help of a notebook and a projector, the video recording was projected onto the wall and dozens of people watched the documentary as if they were in a theater.
Thanks to technological developments, with a video camera and a computer you can make a film. Of course, first of all you must acquire the technical skills of operating these instruments. Various video camera producers are now competing to market their superior products, which are not only sophisticated but also come with various smart features. Besides, the prices are relatively lower than they were a few years ago.
Samsung Electronics, for example, has promised to introduce various revolutionary products this year, including Samsung VP-X210L, to strengthen its position as a market leader. “With the Samsung VP-X210L Sports Camcorder, hurdles in video recording can be minimized. This camcorder makes it easier to record an object hands-free and the durability of the batteries is also longer,” Lee Mun Bong, managing director of PT Samsung Electronics Indonesia, said at Ritz Carlton Hotel, Jakarta.
The Samsung VP-X210L, he said, is a future sports camcorder whose recording speed can be boosted by up to 25 percent with an optical zoom of 10 times. “The electronic picture stabilizer of the VP-210L makes sure that all features of an athlete will be recorded with great clarity,” he added.
As the use of a DVD format, which is capable of producing clearer pictures, is now gaining greater popularity, producers spare no time cashing in on this trend by offering various DVD-format video cameras complete with various sophisticated features that make it even easier for a user to make video recordings.
One such producer is PT Panasonic Gobel Indonesia, which has released its VDR-D300, VDR-D250 and VDR-D150 DVD-format video camera series. The VDR series allows recording output to be stored in the SD Card memory disc, thereby making it very practical to transfer it to a computer for editing. Technological sophistication and easy operation is, of course, helpful to the user in translating ideas into reality.
Another audio-video product that is gaining popularity is the projector. During the recently concluded FIFA World Cup Championship in Germany, people could not only watch the soccer matches on TV, but also on large screen thanks to projectors. Initially, a projector was invented for presentations in meeting rooms.
Today, however, many use one to watch movies or TV programs, such as aired soccer matches. Datascrip Business Solutions, which markets Optoma products in Indonesia, has launched at least seven series of Optoma projectors using Digital Light Processing (DLP) technology, namely DV10, EP729, EP7161, EP719, EP739H, EP758 and EP759.
DLP technology, said Jeremy Hemanto, manager of the multimedia division of PT Datascrip, uses an optical semi-conductor, which is better known as a Digital Micromirror Device (DVD Chip) to re-portray the existing material of a presentation. “With a Digital Light Processing processor, a projector is available at an affordable price and can be used by practically anybody in Indonesia,” he said.
Optoma, he said, is the leader in the world market of projectors using DLP technology, and in the third quarter of 2005 it enjoyed a market share of some 13.6 percent. Optoma of the EP729 series is a micro portable projector measuring 200 mm by 62.5 mm by 150 mm and weighing 0.99 kg. “Thanks to its brightness level of 1,600 ANSI lumens, this projector can present more lively pictures for various applications,” Jeremy said.
As for Optoma of the DV10 series, which is usually called MovieTime TM, it is a digital projector with an integrated DVD player and speakers. One can watch a movie using this device alone. Indeed, sophisticated technology has made it much easier for everybody to enjoy entertainment at home. [Asep Saefullah]
THE JAKARTA POST — TUESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2006 — PAGE 18
AIDS is “welcome” in Classrooms in Bali (Article)
HIV/AIDS infection has spread everywhere. It has even “entered” the classrooms of junior high and high schools in Bali. Wait a second, it is not that the virus that entered the classrooms, but information on HIV/AIDS.
Wirawan, an activist from The National AIDS Commission in Bali, stated that the Commission has developed HIV/AIDS and drugs education through schools. This activity is conducted together with the Department of Education using two approaches: intra and extra curricular activities. This education is given to students ranging from seventh to twelfth grade of both regular and vocational schools.
“In the extra curricular line, all schools elect teachers as counsellors for Students Care about AIDS and Drugs Group ( KSPAN ). The counsellors in each city/regency then form an institution, named The Forum of KSPAN Counsellor Teachers,” said Wirawan.
Up to this moment, six of the nine cities/regencies in Bali have implemented the programme. According to Wirawan, the schools held various activities, such as: a music group that is concerned with AIDS and drugs, drama, peer training, wall-newspaper, speech contest, and colossal activities (jamboree and dance for life). “All of which is HIV/AIDS and anti-drugs themed,” he added.
Initially, Wirawan explained, the teachers claimed that none of their students are drug users or are HIV-infected. “Then, we clarified that most of the drug using students have already dropped out and certainly are not enrolled in school anymore,” Wirawan said.
During the training, several drug-caused drop out students, mostly are already HIV+, were also invited to participate as resource persons.
The approach was indeed started by The National AIDS Commission in Provincial/Regency level and the Department of Education. Even so, in these trainings, all the trainer team comes from NGOs (Kisara/PKBI Bali and Muda Berdaya from Yayasan Hati Kita). Nearly each training was opened by the respective Regent/Deputy Regent.
”The responses from teachers and local government were all excellent. We emphasized our issues on drugs, also HIV/AIDS. During the training of teachers and students, in the end, there were also many discussions on condom,” Wirawan stated.
Source: http://asep.wordpress.com/2007/01/11/aids-is-%E2%80%9Cwelcome%E2%80%9D-in-classrooms-in-bali/
Wirawan, an activist from The National AIDS Commission in Bali, stated that the Commission has developed HIV/AIDS and drugs education through schools. This activity is conducted together with the Department of Education using two approaches: intra and extra curricular activities. This education is given to students ranging from seventh to twelfth grade of both regular and vocational schools.
“In the extra curricular line, all schools elect teachers as counsellors for Students Care about AIDS and Drugs Group ( KSPAN ). The counsellors in each city/regency then form an institution, named The Forum of KSPAN Counsellor Teachers,” said Wirawan.
Up to this moment, six of the nine cities/regencies in Bali have implemented the programme. According to Wirawan, the schools held various activities, such as: a music group that is concerned with AIDS and drugs, drama, peer training, wall-newspaper, speech contest, and colossal activities (jamboree and dance for life). “All of which is HIV/AIDS and anti-drugs themed,” he added.
Initially, Wirawan explained, the teachers claimed that none of their students are drug users or are HIV-infected. “Then, we clarified that most of the drug using students have already dropped out and certainly are not enrolled in school anymore,” Wirawan said.
During the training, several drug-caused drop out students, mostly are already HIV+, were also invited to participate as resource persons.
The approach was indeed started by The National AIDS Commission in Provincial/Regency level and the Department of Education. Even so, in these trainings, all the trainer team comes from NGOs (Kisara/PKBI Bali and Muda Berdaya from Yayasan Hati Kita). Nearly each training was opened by the respective Regent/Deputy Regent.
”The responses from teachers and local government were all excellent. We emphasized our issues on drugs, also HIV/AIDS. During the training of teachers and students, in the end, there were also many discussions on condom,” Wirawan stated.
Source: http://asep.wordpress.com/2007/01/11/aids-is-%E2%80%9Cwelcome%E2%80%9D-in-classrooms-in-bali/
Environmentally friendly — the future trend cars (Article)
“Jakarta is the third most polluted city in the world, after Mexico City and Panama. And vehicle emissions account for 80 percent of the pollution,” Jakarta Governor Sutiyoso said last year.
People living and working in Jakarta have to pay dearly for this pollution. Research indicates that the health cost of Jakarta’s air pollution was estimated at US$220 million in 1999, and the amount has been increasing in line with the increase in the number of vehicles traversing the capital every day.
Ari Muhammad of Swisscontact, an agency concerned with air pollution, said that air pollutants contained in the exhaust gases from motorized vehicles include carbon monoxide (CO), various hydrocarbon compounds, various nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur (SOx) and lead (Pb).
“Carbon monoxide can block the supply of oxygen to body tissues. Besides, it can affect the work of the heart, the central nervous system and all other body organs sensitive to oxygen deficiency,” he said.
Both public transportation vehicles and private cars are to be blamed for the air pollution.
“We usually assume that it is the pitch black smoke emitted by the exhaust pipes of city buses that is hazardous, but in fact the great danger comes from the white smoke emitted by our own private cars,” he added.
The Jakarta administration has made several efforts to improve the cleanliness of the capital’s air.
Last year, the administration issued Bylaw No. 2/2005 on air pollution control, which among other things obliges all private car owners to carry out emissions tests on their vehicles twice a year and public transportation vehicles to use natural gas. Yet, the administration is still facing several obstacles to fully implement the regulation, including the lack of equipment for public transportation vehicles to switch from oil-based fuel to natural gas.
The government has also tried to push the local automotive industry to apply environmentally friendly technology in their products.
In 2003, the state minister for the environment issued Decree No. 41/2003 on the emission threshold for exhaust gases of new motorized vehicles and motorized vehicles under production. The decree requires car manufacturers to apply technology based on the Euro-2 standard in the case of exhaust emissions.
“Under the ministerial decree, new-type cars produced since early 2005 must have all passed an emission test based on the Euro-2 standard. Meanwhile, old-type automobiles that are reproduced will be given a chance to conform to this standard up to January 2007,” Didin Khaeruddin, an official at the State Ministry for the Environment, said.
A motorized vehicle fulfills the Euro-2 standard if the exhaust gases contain a maximum of 4.0 grams of CO per kilometer (g/km) and a maximum of 0.6 g/km of HC + NOx.
Indeed, Europe is the pioneer in pushing the automotive industry to apply environmentally friendly technology.
It started introducing exhaust emission standards in the late 1980s. In 1992, it introduced the Euro-1 standard that limited the amount of CO content in the exhaust of motorized vehicles to 4.9 g/km and HC content to 1,23 g/km, NOx content to 9 g/km and particles to 0.4 g/km.
The standard was effective for three years and was later replaced with the Euro-2 standard, which further cut down the CO, HC, NOx and particle contents. Now, Europe is applying the Euro-4 standard that limits emissions to 1.5 g/km CO, 0.46 g/km HC, 3.5 g/km NOx and 0.02 g/km particles
Many countries have followed in the footsteps of Europe and have applied similar emission standards.
The tighter emission standards have encouraged the world’s automotive industry to produce cars with more environmentally friendly technology. One such product is the hybrid cars. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine when accelerating. The electric motor is powered by batteries that recharge automatically while people drive. Hybrid cars are better for the environment as they can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars.
Automobiles of this type have been mass-produced by nearly all carmakers, particularly those from Japan. The Toyota Prius, Camry and Land Cruiser of the FCHC type are some examples.
Chairman of the Indonesian Association of Indonesian Automotive Manufacturers (Gaikindo), Bambang Trisulo, said that the environment and energy were hot topics of discussion in the international automotive industry.
“In Asia, an awareness has also developed about the use of clean energy, although there are still some constraints in respect of regulations and implementation,” he noted.
According to Bambang, Indonesia’s automakers are now ready to produce motorized vehicles that meet the Euro-2 standard. Yet, they face an obstacle in the fact the type of fuel suitable for such vehicles is not yet widely available on the domestic market.
“We hope that unleaded fuel can be supplied to all regions so that it will always be easily available to users of these motorized vehicles,” Bambang said.
As the unleaded gasoline that is suitable for vehicles using the Euro-2 standard is still in short supply, the ministerial decree on emission thresholds for new-type motorized vehicles and motorized vehicles under production cannot be properly enforced.
Late last year, PT General Motors Indonesia launched New Aveo. Company sales and marketing director Antonio Zara said the car was yet to meet the Euro-2 standard. One of the considerations for the firm in deciding to launch the car was the availability of the right fuel for the car.
“The Euro-2 standard requires a car to use a catalytic converter. This instrument necessitates the use of unleaded fuel,” he said during the launch of New Aveo in Jakarta.
He said unleaded gasoline was yet to be evenly distributed throughout Indonesia.
Zara maintained that the car does not violate the regulation that requires that the Euro-2 standard be applied to new cars. “The New Aveo is not an entirely new car. It is an old type that has undergone some minor changes. So it is not compulsory for the car to meet the Euro-2 standard,” he said.
While the production of vehicles that meet the Euro-2 standard still faces problems, Jakarta’s 2005 bylaw on air pollution control has apparently improved public awareness about the emission of exhaust gases from private cars. Carmakers now run their own emission test facilities.
Sutrisno Lesmono, general manager of after-sales service and spare parts at PT Nissan Motor Indonesia, said that as of November 2005, Nissan workshops had officially provided an emission test service for owners of Nissan cars and other makes. “We are applying a tighter standard than what the regional administration has set. For example, our CO content standard is 1-2 percent, far below the regional administration’s standard of 4 percent,” he said, adding that a car was no longer environmentally friendly with a CO content of 4 percent in its emissions.
Didin is pleased with carmakers’ efforts to help keep the environment clean.
“Now that an emission test is compulsory, the public, hopefully, can become more aware of the danger posed by exhaust gas emissions,” he said.
To ensure that the regulation that uses the Euro-2 standard as its reference will not simply collect dust, Didin hopes that relevant government agencies will encourage greater distribution of unleaded fuel. “January 2007 is close at hand. Make sure that the effort to reduce air pollution is not constrained by the availability of the right fuel,” he said. [Asep Saefullah]
The Jakarta Post – June 16, 2006
People living and working in Jakarta have to pay dearly for this pollution. Research indicates that the health cost of Jakarta’s air pollution was estimated at US$220 million in 1999, and the amount has been increasing in line with the increase in the number of vehicles traversing the capital every day.
Ari Muhammad of Swisscontact, an agency concerned with air pollution, said that air pollutants contained in the exhaust gases from motorized vehicles include carbon monoxide (CO), various hydrocarbon compounds, various nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur (SOx) and lead (Pb).
“Carbon monoxide can block the supply of oxygen to body tissues. Besides, it can affect the work of the heart, the central nervous system and all other body organs sensitive to oxygen deficiency,” he said.
Both public transportation vehicles and private cars are to be blamed for the air pollution.
“We usually assume that it is the pitch black smoke emitted by the exhaust pipes of city buses that is hazardous, but in fact the great danger comes from the white smoke emitted by our own private cars,” he added.
The Jakarta administration has made several efforts to improve the cleanliness of the capital’s air.
Last year, the administration issued Bylaw No. 2/2005 on air pollution control, which among other things obliges all private car owners to carry out emissions tests on their vehicles twice a year and public transportation vehicles to use natural gas. Yet, the administration is still facing several obstacles to fully implement the regulation, including the lack of equipment for public transportation vehicles to switch from oil-based fuel to natural gas.
The government has also tried to push the local automotive industry to apply environmentally friendly technology in their products.
In 2003, the state minister for the environment issued Decree No. 41/2003 on the emission threshold for exhaust gases of new motorized vehicles and motorized vehicles under production. The decree requires car manufacturers to apply technology based on the Euro-2 standard in the case of exhaust emissions.
“Under the ministerial decree, new-type cars produced since early 2005 must have all passed an emission test based on the Euro-2 standard. Meanwhile, old-type automobiles that are reproduced will be given a chance to conform to this standard up to January 2007,” Didin Khaeruddin, an official at the State Ministry for the Environment, said.
A motorized vehicle fulfills the Euro-2 standard if the exhaust gases contain a maximum of 4.0 grams of CO per kilometer (g/km) and a maximum of 0.6 g/km of HC + NOx.
Indeed, Europe is the pioneer in pushing the automotive industry to apply environmentally friendly technology.
It started introducing exhaust emission standards in the late 1980s. In 1992, it introduced the Euro-1 standard that limited the amount of CO content in the exhaust of motorized vehicles to 4.9 g/km and HC content to 1,23 g/km, NOx content to 9 g/km and particles to 0.4 g/km.
The standard was effective for three years and was later replaced with the Euro-2 standard, which further cut down the CO, HC, NOx and particle contents. Now, Europe is applying the Euro-4 standard that limits emissions to 1.5 g/km CO, 0.46 g/km HC, 3.5 g/km NOx and 0.02 g/km particles
Many countries have followed in the footsteps of Europe and have applied similar emission standards.
The tighter emission standards have encouraged the world’s automotive industry to produce cars with more environmentally friendly technology. One such product is the hybrid cars. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine when accelerating. The electric motor is powered by batteries that recharge automatically while people drive. Hybrid cars are better for the environment as they can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars.
Automobiles of this type have been mass-produced by nearly all carmakers, particularly those from Japan. The Toyota Prius, Camry and Land Cruiser of the FCHC type are some examples.
Chairman of the Indonesian Association of Indonesian Automotive Manufacturers (Gaikindo), Bambang Trisulo, said that the environment and energy were hot topics of discussion in the international automotive industry.
“In Asia, an awareness has also developed about the use of clean energy, although there are still some constraints in respect of regulations and implementation,” he noted.
According to Bambang, Indonesia’s automakers are now ready to produce motorized vehicles that meet the Euro-2 standard. Yet, they face an obstacle in the fact the type of fuel suitable for such vehicles is not yet widely available on the domestic market.
“We hope that unleaded fuel can be supplied to all regions so that it will always be easily available to users of these motorized vehicles,” Bambang said.
As the unleaded gasoline that is suitable for vehicles using the Euro-2 standard is still in short supply, the ministerial decree on emission thresholds for new-type motorized vehicles and motorized vehicles under production cannot be properly enforced.
Late last year, PT General Motors Indonesia launched New Aveo. Company sales and marketing director Antonio Zara said the car was yet to meet the Euro-2 standard. One of the considerations for the firm in deciding to launch the car was the availability of the right fuel for the car.
“The Euro-2 standard requires a car to use a catalytic converter. This instrument necessitates the use of unleaded fuel,” he said during the launch of New Aveo in Jakarta.
He said unleaded gasoline was yet to be evenly distributed throughout Indonesia.
Zara maintained that the car does not violate the regulation that requires that the Euro-2 standard be applied to new cars. “The New Aveo is not an entirely new car. It is an old type that has undergone some minor changes. So it is not compulsory for the car to meet the Euro-2 standard,” he said.
While the production of vehicles that meet the Euro-2 standard still faces problems, Jakarta’s 2005 bylaw on air pollution control has apparently improved public awareness about the emission of exhaust gases from private cars. Carmakers now run their own emission test facilities.
Sutrisno Lesmono, general manager of after-sales service and spare parts at PT Nissan Motor Indonesia, said that as of November 2005, Nissan workshops had officially provided an emission test service for owners of Nissan cars and other makes. “We are applying a tighter standard than what the regional administration has set. For example, our CO content standard is 1-2 percent, far below the regional administration’s standard of 4 percent,” he said, adding that a car was no longer environmentally friendly with a CO content of 4 percent in its emissions.
Didin is pleased with carmakers’ efforts to help keep the environment clean.
“Now that an emission test is compulsory, the public, hopefully, can become more aware of the danger posed by exhaust gas emissions,” he said.
To ensure that the regulation that uses the Euro-2 standard as its reference will not simply collect dust, Didin hopes that relevant government agencies will encourage greater distribution of unleaded fuel. “January 2007 is close at hand. Make sure that the effort to reduce air pollution is not constrained by the availability of the right fuel,” he said. [Asep Saefullah]
The Jakarta Post – June 16, 2006
Rinjani community push for forest regulations (Article)
Bali is one of the world’s most famous tourism destinations, and yet the island’s prosperity hardly touches many other parts of the archipelago, including nearby Lombok Island.
Lombok in West Nusa Tenggara is an emerging tourist resort itself, but has long faced the problem of poverty among its population — whose livelihoods largely depend on forest resources.
Most state-owned forest areas in Lombok, however, especially those in areas surrounding Mount Rinjani (which was officially declared a national park with its rich natural resources), are being continuously damaged.
“Mount Rinjani supplies water for agricultural and other crucial purposes to the entire Lombok population,” said Rahmat Satibi, director of the Consortium for Study and Participation Development (Konsepsi), a local NGO which promotes Community Forestry Programs (HKm) in West Nusa Tenggara.
According to Konsepsi, deforestation endangers the livelihoods of Lombok’s residents, especially poor farmers who live off forest resources.
Rahmat said forest degradation in Lombok was getting worse every day.
“Most people live in poverty and they only have a tiny piece of land. This has forced them to find more land, including in forests near their villages,” he said.
The big problem in Lombok is deciding whether to protect forests while neglecting the fate of poor farmers, or to let the farmers freely exploit forest resources.
The government’s recent move to introduce a community forestry program came at the right time. The program, which allows farmers to take part in developing forest areas and harvest non-timber forest products, has seen a great deal of support.
The Community Forestry approach was first initiated in 1997 in the province, particularly in Central and West Lombok districts. In West Lombok district, the program has been implemented in Santong and Sesaot villages.
“We have timber well guarded within the forest and residents can harvest non-timber products, mostly short-lived plants which they grow under or between trees,” said Abidin Tuarita, a facilitator of the Community Forest Program at Santong village.
While waiting for timber trees to grow, members of the program plant non-timber forest products like coffee, cocoa, durian, vanilla, arica nut and bananas.
Santong village is now well known as a producer of good quality coffee beans and cacao.
“Traders from Bali and Java (two islands immediately to the west of Lombok) come to this village with trucks to collect non-timber forest commodities,” said resident Aswadi.
Non-timber forest products not only bring economic benefits to farmers, but also have a strategic role in slowing the villagers’ encroachment into forest areas, and thus helping to conserve the environment.
By making use of non-timber forest products, farmers have avoided removing trees carelessly.
“Vanilla grows by entwining their stems upward along tree trunks. When people cut trees down, their hopes of harvesting vanilla go up in smoke,” he explained.
L. Syaiful Arifin of West Lombok district’s Forestry and Plantation Office said the Community Forestry Program was a “compromise” where two contradictory purposes — to ensure forest conservation on the one hand, and on the other to help forest farmers prosper — could be negotiated fairly.
“The government scarcely has enough human resources to guard the forests, so the Community Forestry Program is an ideal format to manage people’s participation in forest development,” he said.
However, the sustainable forest program has not yet been met with regulations favoring farmers, and consequently they are still hoping for legal grounds for their engagement in forest management.
“A permit for forest management would allow us to become wholeheartedly involved in developing forest areas and prevent us from violating the law.
“It would also clarify farmers’ rights and responsibilities,” said Artim, a member of Maju Bersama farmers’ cooperative unit which was established to empower Santong villagers.
The only legal standpoint farmers have for their involvement in the program is the 1999 Forestry Law. The problem remains, however, that regulations related to this law tend to be biased, if not contradictory.
For this reason, Rahmat said, the group has requested the local Forestry and Plantation Office, legislative council members and NGOs get together to produce a regulation on community forestry for the benefit of forest farmers.
Apart from this regulation, he said, partnership with the program’s stakeholders would also play an important role in producing a better set of forestry regulations.
Several local regulations on community forestry were issued by West Nusa Tenggara province, however, they are still inadequate, Rahmat said.
“The government needs take a serious approach to preparing good forest governance,” said Dwi Sudarsoni, director of the Nusa Tenggara Community Foundation that actively provides support for the sustainable management of natural resources.
“In the end, this will lead the farmers toward prosperity.”
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/09/16/rinjani-community-push-forest-regulations.html
Lombok in West Nusa Tenggara is an emerging tourist resort itself, but has long faced the problem of poverty among its population — whose livelihoods largely depend on forest resources.
Most state-owned forest areas in Lombok, however, especially those in areas surrounding Mount Rinjani (which was officially declared a national park with its rich natural resources), are being continuously damaged.
“Mount Rinjani supplies water for agricultural and other crucial purposes to the entire Lombok population,” said Rahmat Satibi, director of the Consortium for Study and Participation Development (Konsepsi), a local NGO which promotes Community Forestry Programs (HKm) in West Nusa Tenggara.
According to Konsepsi, deforestation endangers the livelihoods of Lombok’s residents, especially poor farmers who live off forest resources.
Rahmat said forest degradation in Lombok was getting worse every day.
“Most people live in poverty and they only have a tiny piece of land. This has forced them to find more land, including in forests near their villages,” he said.
The big problem in Lombok is deciding whether to protect forests while neglecting the fate of poor farmers, or to let the farmers freely exploit forest resources.
The government’s recent move to introduce a community forestry program came at the right time. The program, which allows farmers to take part in developing forest areas and harvest non-timber forest products, has seen a great deal of support.
The Community Forestry approach was first initiated in 1997 in the province, particularly in Central and West Lombok districts. In West Lombok district, the program has been implemented in Santong and Sesaot villages.
“We have timber well guarded within the forest and residents can harvest non-timber products, mostly short-lived plants which they grow under or between trees,” said Abidin Tuarita, a facilitator of the Community Forest Program at Santong village.
While waiting for timber trees to grow, members of the program plant non-timber forest products like coffee, cocoa, durian, vanilla, arica nut and bananas.
Santong village is now well known as a producer of good quality coffee beans and cacao.
“Traders from Bali and Java (two islands immediately to the west of Lombok) come to this village with trucks to collect non-timber forest commodities,” said resident Aswadi.
Non-timber forest products not only bring economic benefits to farmers, but also have a strategic role in slowing the villagers’ encroachment into forest areas, and thus helping to conserve the environment.
By making use of non-timber forest products, farmers have avoided removing trees carelessly.
“Vanilla grows by entwining their stems upward along tree trunks. When people cut trees down, their hopes of harvesting vanilla go up in smoke,” he explained.
L. Syaiful Arifin of West Lombok district’s Forestry and Plantation Office said the Community Forestry Program was a “compromise” where two contradictory purposes — to ensure forest conservation on the one hand, and on the other to help forest farmers prosper — could be negotiated fairly.
“The government scarcely has enough human resources to guard the forests, so the Community Forestry Program is an ideal format to manage people’s participation in forest development,” he said.
However, the sustainable forest program has not yet been met with regulations favoring farmers, and consequently they are still hoping for legal grounds for their engagement in forest management.
“A permit for forest management would allow us to become wholeheartedly involved in developing forest areas and prevent us from violating the law.
“It would also clarify farmers’ rights and responsibilities,” said Artim, a member of Maju Bersama farmers’ cooperative unit which was established to empower Santong villagers.
The only legal standpoint farmers have for their involvement in the program is the 1999 Forestry Law. The problem remains, however, that regulations related to this law tend to be biased, if not contradictory.
For this reason, Rahmat said, the group has requested the local Forestry and Plantation Office, legislative council members and NGOs get together to produce a regulation on community forestry for the benefit of forest farmers.
Apart from this regulation, he said, partnership with the program’s stakeholders would also play an important role in producing a better set of forestry regulations.
Several local regulations on community forestry were issued by West Nusa Tenggara province, however, they are still inadequate, Rahmat said.
“The government needs take a serious approach to preparing good forest governance,” said Dwi Sudarsoni, director of the Nusa Tenggara Community Foundation that actively provides support for the sustainable management of natural resources.
“In the end, this will lead the farmers toward prosperity.”
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/09/16/rinjani-community-push-forest-regulations.html
When the Dahlia Blooms at the Forest of Rubber Plant (Article)
Dahlia is a name of flower that most women around the world familiarly know and even adore. In an upstream village in Sumatra Island, Indonesia, women make use of “Dahlia” to name a micro credit institution that they manage collectively to support their own daily needs.
Like a flower, the Dahlia micro credit institution— the Independent Community Organization (KSM) Dahlia to be precise— also grew out of a tiny seed. It began when the Indonesia Conservancy Community (KKI) Warsi, a non-government organization (NGO) working on environment conservancy, was implementing its program among the villagers of Lubuk Beringin Village, Jambi Province. From Jakarta, the Capital City of Indonesia, it takes an hour of trip by airplane and about some more five hours of land cruise on rugged country roads through a chain of dense forest of rubber plants.
KKI Warsi itself is the board of Sumatra Sustainable Support (SSS), a community foundation (CF) that later on advocates the forest farmers of Lubuk Beringin, taking over KKI Warsi’s role in the past. Through an Integrated Conservancy Development Project of Kerinci Seblat National Park (ICDP TNKS) from 1990 to 2002, KKI Warsi advocated the forest villagers— females and males— to empower and develop the village institution to improve the villagers’ economy and to manage the natural sources in sustainable way.
KKI Warsi facilitated the women, all of them are Muslims, to have a meeting on Fridays. They began with religious learning, and then went on with a lottery with equal share from every member who took turn to become the winner of the lottery. “The activity in August 2000,” recalled Rudy Syaf, KKI Warsi’s advisor.
At every meeting, each Dahlia woman is obliged to submit IDR 2,000— IDR 1,000 for lottery share and the other IDR 1,000 to be collected for the needs to support the religious learning. In the long run the women eventually managed to develop a credit union that they had been longing for. They began with collecting private funds of IDR 6,000 a person— IDR 5,000 as main share and IDR 1,000 as monthly saving.
“By mid 2001 the members of the group could demand a credit at most IDR 100,000 that they should pay off within 10 months,” said Nur Asiah, chairwoman of Dahlia.
Nur Asiah and her fellow women of Dahlia can wear a broader smile now. Since they have a credit union to support their own need, they can find a new source of finance which is quite easily for them to access, especially when they are faced with unexpected expenses.
Things had been quite different from the time when Dahlia was not yet established. In the past the forest farmers depended on traders of rubber, some still do, for money for the traders’ advantages. “But now we can find alternative financial resource, thanks to the credit union. Sure, we’re glad to see the credit union develops well, considering the fact that the idea sprung casually among us the women when we were doing the laundry at the stream,” said Nur Asiah.
Dahlia is now improving every aspects of its capacity to become a cooperative with a more powerful legal status. While the process is on its way, the village farmers develop a credit union where the members can have some loans, run a rental of items that people need when they have party, home industry of handy crafts, and productive gardens. Each year Dahlia holds an annual meeting of members, the highest council and a forum where the members distribute the net profit among them.
“We distribute some portions of the net profit among our members, spend some others for new investment, and save the rests for the village for conservancy operation cost. We always persuade our fellow villagers to give more care for the environment,” said Muhammad Jufrie, a facilitator for Dahlia and an agent of the village administration.
Lubuk Beringin is an independent village and the villagers find supplies of their livelihood from the surrounding natural resources. They mostly make th eir livings from the rubber plants which grow lavishly at the vast forestland around them. They also have a power plant of micro hydro that they build at a river nearby. “If the environment is destroyed, the forest degraded, we won’t be able to see the turbine going round anymore, and what we’ll find is that we’ll live in the dark,” said Jufrie.
Dahlia now owns total asset of IDR 200 millions. What is more, it has also developed to become a backbone of the village’s economy. But the villagers do not want to stop and get satisfied with what the have achieved. “We’re still keep trying to find ways to sell the raw rubber directly to the factories so as that we can have better values and cut short the complicated distribution chain,” said Nur Asiah.
Like a flower, Dahlia from the dense forest of rubber plant at Lubuk Beringin has now been growing full bloom.***
source :http://asep.wordpress.com/2008/11/03/when-the-dahlia-blooms-at-the-forest-of-rubber-plant/
Like a flower, the Dahlia micro credit institution— the Independent Community Organization (KSM) Dahlia to be precise— also grew out of a tiny seed. It began when the Indonesia Conservancy Community (KKI) Warsi, a non-government organization (NGO) working on environment conservancy, was implementing its program among the villagers of Lubuk Beringin Village, Jambi Province. From Jakarta, the Capital City of Indonesia, it takes an hour of trip by airplane and about some more five hours of land cruise on rugged country roads through a chain of dense forest of rubber plants.
KKI Warsi itself is the board of Sumatra Sustainable Support (SSS), a community foundation (CF) that later on advocates the forest farmers of Lubuk Beringin, taking over KKI Warsi’s role in the past. Through an Integrated Conservancy Development Project of Kerinci Seblat National Park (ICDP TNKS) from 1990 to 2002, KKI Warsi advocated the forest villagers— females and males— to empower and develop the village institution to improve the villagers’ economy and to manage the natural sources in sustainable way.
KKI Warsi facilitated the women, all of them are Muslims, to have a meeting on Fridays. They began with religious learning, and then went on with a lottery with equal share from every member who took turn to become the winner of the lottery. “The activity in August 2000,” recalled Rudy Syaf, KKI Warsi’s advisor.
At every meeting, each Dahlia woman is obliged to submit IDR 2,000— IDR 1,000 for lottery share and the other IDR 1,000 to be collected for the needs to support the religious learning. In the long run the women eventually managed to develop a credit union that they had been longing for. They began with collecting private funds of IDR 6,000 a person— IDR 5,000 as main share and IDR 1,000 as monthly saving.
“By mid 2001 the members of the group could demand a credit at most IDR 100,000 that they should pay off within 10 months,” said Nur Asiah, chairwoman of Dahlia.
Nur Asiah and her fellow women of Dahlia can wear a broader smile now. Since they have a credit union to support their own need, they can find a new source of finance which is quite easily for them to access, especially when they are faced with unexpected expenses.
Things had been quite different from the time when Dahlia was not yet established. In the past the forest farmers depended on traders of rubber, some still do, for money for the traders’ advantages. “But now we can find alternative financial resource, thanks to the credit union. Sure, we’re glad to see the credit union develops well, considering the fact that the idea sprung casually among us the women when we were doing the laundry at the stream,” said Nur Asiah.
Dahlia is now improving every aspects of its capacity to become a cooperative with a more powerful legal status. While the process is on its way, the village farmers develop a credit union where the members can have some loans, run a rental of items that people need when they have party, home industry of handy crafts, and productive gardens. Each year Dahlia holds an annual meeting of members, the highest council and a forum where the members distribute the net profit among them.
“We distribute some portions of the net profit among our members, spend some others for new investment, and save the rests for the village for conservancy operation cost. We always persuade our fellow villagers to give more care for the environment,” said Muhammad Jufrie, a facilitator for Dahlia and an agent of the village administration.
Lubuk Beringin is an independent village and the villagers find supplies of their livelihood from the surrounding natural resources. They mostly make th eir livings from the rubber plants which grow lavishly at the vast forestland around them. They also have a power plant of micro hydro that they build at a river nearby. “If the environment is destroyed, the forest degraded, we won’t be able to see the turbine going round anymore, and what we’ll find is that we’ll live in the dark,” said Jufrie.
Dahlia now owns total asset of IDR 200 millions. What is more, it has also developed to become a backbone of the village’s economy. But the villagers do not want to stop and get satisfied with what the have achieved. “We’re still keep trying to find ways to sell the raw rubber directly to the factories so as that we can have better values and cut short the complicated distribution chain,” said Nur Asiah.
Like a flower, Dahlia from the dense forest of rubber plant at Lubuk Beringin has now been growing full bloom.***
source :http://asep.wordpress.com/2008/11/03/when-the-dahlia-blooms-at-the-forest-of-rubber-plant/
Seaweed brings magic to remote islands (article)
Living in a remote island still means limited access to many things.
For poor fishermen in the Aru Islands regency in Maluku, who face this situation year after year, this is a hard fact of life.
Surrounded by sea, their income is very much dependent on weather. Many, who only own small boats, cannot take the risk of confronting the big waves on the open sea.
While fishermen on bigger islands like Java can simply change jobs during rough weather, those living on small and isolated islands do not have much choice. They simply cannot go to other places to search for new jobs.
On Aru, where people have to take a boat for hours to reach the regency’s capital, Dobo, many end up with no significant income to support their families.
This situation encouraged the Sitakena Foundation to introduce a seaweed cultivation program to improve the livelihood of residents on the islands.
Robo Djambumir from Selmona village, which is located south of the Aru Islands and a seven-hour boat trip away from Dobo, was grateful for the program.
He said with the program the residents were now able to earn a living throughout the year without falling into debt.
“There is life now, more life in Selmona, because of seaweed,” he said. “We don’t have difficulty getting food and can finance our children’s education in the city.”
The improvements in the quality of life for Robo and the residents of Selmona village on Aru are also enjoyed by Tahinuddin in Sulaa village on Buton Island in Southeast Sulawesi.
In 2006, Tahinudin, together with seven of his friends who cultivated seaweed, formed a group called Sabar Menanti.
The Coastal Area Development Network (JPKP) is a self-supporting institute on Buton Island that helps the group.
When harvesting seaweed for the first time in 2007, Tahinudin recalled that he got 1.2 tons of dry seaweed.
At that time, the seaweed price in Bau-Bau, the main city on Buton Island, was Rp 4,900 a kilogram (about 50 US cents), meaning he earned more than Rp 5 million from a venture that had a start-up capital of less than Rp 2 million.
“I got Rp 3.5 million profit at that time. From the next harvest, I had 2 tons,” Tahinudin said.
For the second harvest, he got a much better profit with a selling price of Rp 6,200 a kilogram.
One of the network’s members, Asman, contributed to the Sabar Menanti group’s success by helping the members, who diligently took care of their crops, and keeping up their spirits throughout the process.
“Within the group we’re learning together how to best take care of the seaweed. The results have been quite extraordinary. In November 2008, Tahinudin was able to produce 3 tons,” Asman said.
Since January last year, Tahinudin, together with other group members, have started undertaking other business development programs. As well as cultivating seaweed, they now raise seaweed seedlings.
Tahinudin said he saw this program as a promising business opportunity — fully aware that the increasing number of people cultivating seaweed would also raise demand for good seaweed seedlings.
“It takes less time to process seaweed seedlings. The work is done between January and May or throughout the year,” he said. They simply need to adjust the planting time for the seaweed.
The seaweed seedlings cultivated by the Sabar Menanti group in Wantopi village can produce up to 360 clumps. The selling price for one clump is Rp 50,000. So they are able to get an income of around Rp 18 million from a single planting of seedlings.
The task of marketing the seaweed seedlings is carried out in Bau-Bau city and Buton regency.
Through to the cultivation of seaweed for the past three years, the life of Tahinudin and other group members has become more prosperous.
He said, “I can buy motorboats to use at sea and motorcycles to use on land, all because of seaweed.”
The Jakarta Post – Friday, 02/06/2009
For poor fishermen in the Aru Islands regency in Maluku, who face this situation year after year, this is a hard fact of life.
Surrounded by sea, their income is very much dependent on weather. Many, who only own small boats, cannot take the risk of confronting the big waves on the open sea.
While fishermen on bigger islands like Java can simply change jobs during rough weather, those living on small and isolated islands do not have much choice. They simply cannot go to other places to search for new jobs.
On Aru, where people have to take a boat for hours to reach the regency’s capital, Dobo, many end up with no significant income to support their families.
This situation encouraged the Sitakena Foundation to introduce a seaweed cultivation program to improve the livelihood of residents on the islands.
Robo Djambumir from Selmona village, which is located south of the Aru Islands and a seven-hour boat trip away from Dobo, was grateful for the program.
He said with the program the residents were now able to earn a living throughout the year without falling into debt.
“There is life now, more life in Selmona, because of seaweed,” he said. “We don’t have difficulty getting food and can finance our children’s education in the city.”
The improvements in the quality of life for Robo and the residents of Selmona village on Aru are also enjoyed by Tahinuddin in Sulaa village on Buton Island in Southeast Sulawesi.
In 2006, Tahinudin, together with seven of his friends who cultivated seaweed, formed a group called Sabar Menanti.
The Coastal Area Development Network (JPKP) is a self-supporting institute on Buton Island that helps the group.
When harvesting seaweed for the first time in 2007, Tahinudin recalled that he got 1.2 tons of dry seaweed.
At that time, the seaweed price in Bau-Bau, the main city on Buton Island, was Rp 4,900 a kilogram (about 50 US cents), meaning he earned more than Rp 5 million from a venture that had a start-up capital of less than Rp 2 million.
“I got Rp 3.5 million profit at that time. From the next harvest, I had 2 tons,” Tahinudin said.
For the second harvest, he got a much better profit with a selling price of Rp 6,200 a kilogram.
One of the network’s members, Asman, contributed to the Sabar Menanti group’s success by helping the members, who diligently took care of their crops, and keeping up their spirits throughout the process.
“Within the group we’re learning together how to best take care of the seaweed. The results have been quite extraordinary. In November 2008, Tahinudin was able to produce 3 tons,” Asman said.
Since January last year, Tahinudin, together with other group members, have started undertaking other business development programs. As well as cultivating seaweed, they now raise seaweed seedlings.
Tahinudin said he saw this program as a promising business opportunity — fully aware that the increasing number of people cultivating seaweed would also raise demand for good seaweed seedlings.
“It takes less time to process seaweed seedlings. The work is done between January and May or throughout the year,” he said. They simply need to adjust the planting time for the seaweed.
The seaweed seedlings cultivated by the Sabar Menanti group in Wantopi village can produce up to 360 clumps. The selling price for one clump is Rp 50,000. So they are able to get an income of around Rp 18 million from a single planting of seedlings.
The task of marketing the seaweed seedlings is carried out in Bau-Bau city and Buton regency.
Through to the cultivation of seaweed for the past three years, the life of Tahinudin and other group members has become more prosperous.
He said, “I can buy motorboats to use at sea and motorcycles to use on land, all because of seaweed.”
The Jakarta Post – Friday, 02/06/2009
Active and Passive Sentences
Active and Passive Sentence
Kalimat pasif atau yang biasa dikenal dengan Passive Voice atau Passive Sentence atau ada juga yang menyebutnya Passive Forms merupakan salah satu bentuk kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris. Dalam definisi singkatnya Passive Voice berarti suatu bentuk kata kerja transitif dimana secara tata Bahasa Inggris subjek dari kalimat berpelaku sebagai ‘pasien’, yaitu yang menerima aksi dari sebuah pekerjaan. Kalimat Pasif umumnya kontras dengan Kalimat Aktif atau yang biasa dikenal dengan Active Voice, kalimat ini bermakna suatu bentuk kata kerja transitif dimana subjek dari kalimat berpelaku sebagai ‘agen’, yaitu yang melakukan aksi dari sebuah pekerjaan.
Definisi :
Ciri – ciri kalimat passive :
- Pasti verb 3
- Ada kalimat Bantu (to be)
Rumus :
Simple past tense :
Active => verb 2 (ed)
Passive => was/were + verb 3
Simple present tense :
Active => verb 1 (+ s/es)
Passive => Is/am/are + verb 3
Present perfect tense :
Active => has/have + verb 3
Passive => has/have + been + verb 3
Present continous tense :
Active => is/am/are + verb ing
Passive => is/am/are + being + verb 3
Present future tense :
Active => will + verb 1
Passive => will + be + verb 3
Past perfect tense :
Active => had + verb 3
Passive => had + been + verb 3
Present perfect continous tense :
Active => has/have + been + verb ing
Passive => has/have + been + being + verb 3
Contoh kalimat :
Active
- dudi washes the car everyday
- they are lifting the stones
- I will buy a bag
- we sold the car last month
- they have painted their house blue
- she had posted the letter before she came here
- she has been reading a book for 5 house
- mirna writes a letter for her brother every month
- the doctor is examining the patient at the moment
- the rich man will sell his luxurious house to pay for his debt
Passive
- the car is washed by dudi everyday
- the stones are being lifted by them
- a bag will be bought by me
- the car was sold last month
- the house has been painted blue by them
- the letter had been posted before she came here
- the book has been being read for 5 house
- a letter for mirna’s brother is written by her every month
- the patient is being examined by the doctor at the moment
- his luxurious house will be sold by the rich man to pay for his debt
Sumber :
- Ganeca “Progress”
- Google.com
- Buku catatan
source : http://andriyani22.blogspot.com/2010/03/active-and-passive-sentence.html
Kalimat pasif atau yang biasa dikenal dengan Passive Voice atau Passive Sentence atau ada juga yang menyebutnya Passive Forms merupakan salah satu bentuk kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris. Dalam definisi singkatnya Passive Voice berarti suatu bentuk kata kerja transitif dimana secara tata Bahasa Inggris subjek dari kalimat berpelaku sebagai ‘pasien’, yaitu yang menerima aksi dari sebuah pekerjaan. Kalimat Pasif umumnya kontras dengan Kalimat Aktif atau yang biasa dikenal dengan Active Voice, kalimat ini bermakna suatu bentuk kata kerja transitif dimana subjek dari kalimat berpelaku sebagai ‘agen’, yaitu yang melakukan aksi dari sebuah pekerjaan.
Definisi :
Ciri – ciri kalimat passive :
- Pasti verb 3
- Ada kalimat Bantu (to be)
Rumus :
Simple past tense :
Active => verb 2 (ed)
Passive => was/were + verb 3
Simple present tense :
Active => verb 1 (+ s/es)
Passive => Is/am/are + verb 3
Present perfect tense :
Active => has/have + verb 3
Passive => has/have + been + verb 3
Present continous tense :
Active => is/am/are + verb ing
Passive => is/am/are + being + verb 3
Present future tense :
Active => will + verb 1
Passive => will + be + verb 3
Past perfect tense :
Active => had + verb 3
Passive => had + been + verb 3
Present perfect continous tense :
Active => has/have + been + verb ing
Passive => has/have + been + being + verb 3
Contoh kalimat :
Active
- dudi washes the car everyday
- they are lifting the stones
- I will buy a bag
- we sold the car last month
- they have painted their house blue
- she had posted the letter before she came here
- she has been reading a book for 5 house
- mirna writes a letter for her brother every month
- the doctor is examining the patient at the moment
- the rich man will sell his luxurious house to pay for his debt
Passive
- the car is washed by dudi everyday
- the stones are being lifted by them
- a bag will be bought by me
- the car was sold last month
- the house has been painted blue by them
- the letter had been posted before she came here
- the book has been being read for 5 house
- a letter for mirna’s brother is written by her every month
- the patient is being examined by the doctor at the moment
- his luxurious house will be sold by the rich man to pay for his debt
Sumber :
- Ganeca “Progress”
- Google.com
- Buku catatan
source : http://andriyani22.blogspot.com/2010/03/active-and-passive-sentence.html
Articles Adverbial Clause
Maturity Not Judges by Regulated Calender
Getting old is a must, but growing up is an option. I read this tagline a few years ago in an advertisement board on the street and I think it’s perfectly true. Getting older is something that all of us will undergo, but growing up and have the maturity to deal with life not something that can’t be arranged by a schedule. Maturity deals with several aspects in life and none of them will work out unless we choose to work them out.
The first aspect of maturity is the ability to be punctual. Being late occasionally is natural, but being late constantly is a habit which shows how immature a person is. If someone wants to be considered mature, he must have the ability to prioritize activities to avoid being late; for example, for appointments.
The next aspect of maturity is the way a person deals with problems. Problems are probably the most significant sign adluthood. How someone faces them can reveal the truth of the person’s mature mentality. A mature grown up is expected to be able to face problem with a direct and not evasie approach. Feeling afraid when troubles come to a person’s life is a natural reaction that cannot be avoided, but he must be able to know that he is a brave person and not a coward. In addition, someone's maturity can also be reflected in the solutions the person chooses to deal with those problems. Becoming too upset about some unfotunate situations or problems is also a sign of immaturity since a mature person knows that prolonged disappointments will only bring harm to himself.
Not giving up easily is another aspect of maturity. Having perseverance is the sign of maturity that some one has. There are many problems that a person has to deal with in his everyday life, and some of those problems may be difficult ones. It may take quite a long time to overcome those problems, but as a mature person, he must not give up before the solution is found.
In other words, a mature person will put the most extreme effort in all what he is undertaking. If he has managed to do so, he is already suitable to be considered mature.
source : http://alfizargoblinz.blogspot.com/2011/02/articles-adverbial-clause.html
Getting old is a must, but growing up is an option. I read this tagline a few years ago in an advertisement board on the street and I think it’s perfectly true. Getting older is something that all of us will undergo, but growing up and have the maturity to deal with life not something that can’t be arranged by a schedule. Maturity deals with several aspects in life and none of them will work out unless we choose to work them out.
The first aspect of maturity is the ability to be punctual. Being late occasionally is natural, but being late constantly is a habit which shows how immature a person is. If someone wants to be considered mature, he must have the ability to prioritize activities to avoid being late; for example, for appointments.
The next aspect of maturity is the way a person deals with problems. Problems are probably the most significant sign adluthood. How someone faces them can reveal the truth of the person’s mature mentality. A mature grown up is expected to be able to face problem with a direct and not evasie approach. Feeling afraid when troubles come to a person’s life is a natural reaction that cannot be avoided, but he must be able to know that he is a brave person and not a coward. In addition, someone's maturity can also be reflected in the solutions the person chooses to deal with those problems. Becoming too upset about some unfotunate situations or problems is also a sign of immaturity since a mature person knows that prolonged disappointments will only bring harm to himself.
Not giving up easily is another aspect of maturity. Having perseverance is the sign of maturity that some one has. There are many problems that a person has to deal with in his everyday life, and some of those problems may be difficult ones. It may take quite a long time to overcome those problems, but as a mature person, he must not give up before the solution is found.
In other words, a mature person will put the most extreme effort in all what he is undertaking. If he has managed to do so, he is already suitable to be considered mature.
source : http://alfizargoblinz.blogspot.com/2011/02/articles-adverbial-clause.html
Adverbial Clause
Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
* Shut the door before you go out.
* You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
* While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
* By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
* No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
* They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
* The guard stood where he was positioned.
* Where there is a will, there is a way.
* Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
* Go where you like.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
* As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
* Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
* Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
* He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
* He did as I told him.
* You may finish it how you like.
* They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
* They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
* She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
* He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
* I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
* Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
* It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
* The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
* The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Contoh:
* The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
* I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh:
* He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
* The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
* It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
* It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
* She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
* They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
* Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
* This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
* Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
* Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
* Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Contoh:
* Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
* Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
* As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
* Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
3. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
Contoh:
* Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
* Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
* Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.
Source : http://ismailmidi.com/berita-89-adverb-clause.html
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
* Shut the door before you go out.
* You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
* While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
* By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
* No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
* They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
* The guard stood where he was positioned.
* Where there is a will, there is a way.
* Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
* Go where you like.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
* As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
* Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
* Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
* He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
* He did as I told him.
* You may finish it how you like.
* They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
* They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
* She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
* He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
* I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
* Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
* It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
* The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
* The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Contoh:
* The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
* I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh:
* He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
* The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
* It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
* It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
* She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
* They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
* Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
* This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
* Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
* Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
* Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Contoh:
* Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
* Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
* As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
* Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
3. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
Contoh:
* Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
* Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
* Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.
Source : http://ismailmidi.com/berita-89-adverb-clause.html
contoh kalimat direct and indirect speech
DIRECT SPEECH
simple present
He said, “I go to school every day.”
simple past
He said, “I went to school every day.”
present perfect
He said, “I have gone to school every day.”
present progressive
He said, “I am going to school every day.”
past progressive
He said, “I was going to school every day.”
future (will)
He said, “I will go to school every day.”
INDIRECT SPEECH
simple past
He said (that) he went to school every day.
past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day.
perfect progressive
He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
simple present
He said, “I go to school every day.”
simple past
He said, “I went to school every day.”
present perfect
He said, “I have gone to school every day.”
present progressive
He said, “I am going to school every day.”
past progressive
He said, “I was going to school every day.”
future (will)
He said, “I will go to school every day.”
INDIRECT SPEECH
simple past
He said (that) he went to school every day.
past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day.
perfect progressive
He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
Direct and Indirect
When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.
Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.
Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech
simple present
He said, “I go to school every day.” Þ simple past
He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past
He said, “I went to school every day.” Þ past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect
He said, “I have gone to school every day.” Þ past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive
He said, “I am going to school every day.” Þ past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive
He said, “I was going to school every day.” Þ perfect progressive
He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will)
He said, “I will go to school every day.” Þ would + verb name
He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to)
He said, “I am going to school every day.” Þ present progressive
He said (that) he is going to school every day.
past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech
auxiliary + verb name
He said, “Do you go to school every day?”
He said, “Where do you go to school?” Þ simple past
He asked me if I went to school every day.*
He asked me where I went to school.
imperative
He said, “Go to school every day.” Þ infinitive
He said to go to school every day.
*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions.
The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.
Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech
simple present + simple present
He says, “I go to school every day.” Þ simple present + simple present
He says (that) he goes to school every day.
present perfect + simple present
He has said, “I go to school every day.” Þ present perfect + simple present
He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
past progressive + simple past
He was saying, “I went to school every day.” Þ past progressive + simple past
He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
past progressive + past perfect
He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
future + simple present
He will say, “I go to school every day.” Þ future + simple present
He will say (that) he goes to school every day.
Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.
source : http://www.athabascau.ca/courses/engl/155/support/direct_and_indirect_speech.htm
Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech
can
He said, “I can go to school every day.” Þ could
He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may
He said, “I may go to school every day.” Þ might
He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might
He said, “I might go to school every day.”
must
He said, “I must go to school every day.” Þ had to
He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to
He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should
He said, “I should go to school every day.” Þ should
He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to
He said, “I ought to go to school every day.” Þ ought to
He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.
While not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or reference book.
Some other verbs that can be used to introduce direct speech are: ask, report, tell, announce, suggest, and inquire. They are not used interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book for further information.
Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.
Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech
simple present
He said, “I go to school every day.” Þ simple past
He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past
He said, “I went to school every day.” Þ past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect
He said, “I have gone to school every day.” Þ past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive
He said, “I am going to school every day.” Þ past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive
He said, “I was going to school every day.” Þ perfect progressive
He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will)
He said, “I will go to school every day.” Þ would + verb name
He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to)
He said, “I am going to school every day.” Þ present progressive
He said (that) he is going to school every day.
past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech
auxiliary + verb name
He said, “Do you go to school every day?”
He said, “Where do you go to school?” Þ simple past
He asked me if I went to school every day.*
He asked me where I went to school.
imperative
He said, “Go to school every day.” Þ infinitive
He said to go to school every day.
*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions.
The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.
Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech
simple present + simple present
He says, “I go to school every day.” Þ simple present + simple present
He says (that) he goes to school every day.
present perfect + simple present
He has said, “I go to school every day.” Þ present perfect + simple present
He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
past progressive + simple past
He was saying, “I went to school every day.” Þ past progressive + simple past
He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
past progressive + past perfect
He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
future + simple present
He will say, “I go to school every day.” Þ future + simple present
He will say (that) he goes to school every day.
Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.
source : http://www.athabascau.ca/courses/engl/155/support/direct_and_indirect_speech.htm
Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech
can
He said, “I can go to school every day.” Þ could
He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may
He said, “I may go to school every day.” Þ might
He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might
He said, “I might go to school every day.”
must
He said, “I must go to school every day.” Þ had to
He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to
He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should
He said, “I should go to school every day.” Þ should
He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to
He said, “I ought to go to school every day.” Þ ought to
He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.
While not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or reference book.
Some other verbs that can be used to introduce direct speech are: ask, report, tell, announce, suggest, and inquire. They are not used interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book for further information.
Sabtu, 30 April 2011
Contoh Order Letter
February 14, 19XX
Lindsay Office Products
P.O. Box 1879
Spokane, Washington 98989
Subject: Furniture and equipment order
Please ship the following items from your sales catalog
dated January 31, 19XX:
ITEM CATALOG # COLOR QTY PRICE
Conference Desk HN-33080-WB Sandalwood 2 $478.60 ea.
Credenza HN-36887-WK Sandalwood 2 431.40 ea.
Executive Chair HP-56563-SE Toasted Tan 4 422.00 ea.
File Cabinet HN-5344C-K Beige 2 135.90 ea.
Letter Tray K5-299907-A Black 6 16.95 ea.
The items ordered above should be shipped C.O.D. to this address:
CLAIMS DIVISION, LAW DEPARTMENT
City of Austin
P.O. Box 96
Austin, Texas 78767-0096
The costs above reflect a discount of 50/10, with net due in 30
days after the invoice date. The merchandised is to be shipped
by your company's own truck line at a rate of 7 percent of the
total net cost.
We are remodeling our offices and have a target completion date
of March 30, 19XX. If there is any reason you see that you can
keep your part of this schedule, please let me know
immediately.
Sincerely,
Berenice Chamala
Supervisor, Clerical Services
BKC: amm
source : http://www.io.com/~hcexres/textbook/orderlet.html
Lindsay Office Products
P.O. Box 1879
Spokane, Washington 98989
Subject: Furniture and equipment order
Please ship the following items from your sales catalog
dated January 31, 19XX:
ITEM CATALOG # COLOR QTY PRICE
Conference Desk HN-33080-WB Sandalwood 2 $478.60 ea.
Credenza HN-36887-WK Sandalwood 2 431.40 ea.
Executive Chair HP-56563-SE Toasted Tan 4 422.00 ea.
File Cabinet HN-5344C-K Beige 2 135.90 ea.
Letter Tray K5-299907-A Black 6 16.95 ea.
The items ordered above should be shipped C.O.D. to this address:
CLAIMS DIVISION, LAW DEPARTMENT
City of Austin
P.O. Box 96
Austin, Texas 78767-0096
The costs above reflect a discount of 50/10, with net due in 30
days after the invoice date. The merchandised is to be shipped
by your company's own truck line at a rate of 7 percent of the
total net cost.
We are remodeling our offices and have a target completion date
of March 30, 19XX. If there is any reason you see that you can
keep your part of this schedule, please let me know
immediately.
Sincerely,
Berenice Chamala
Supervisor, Clerical Services
BKC: amm
source : http://www.io.com/~hcexres/textbook/orderlet.html
Rabu, 30 Maret 2011
Tenses
Simple Past
Positive
1. I went to Africa last mounth
2. He studied Calculus last week
3. They bought a new bike five month ago
4. He called me tomorrow
5. Yayat played badminton last week
Negative
1. We didn’t go to Africa last year
2. He didin’t study Calculus last week
3. They didn’t buy a new Bike five months ago
4. He didin’t call me tomorrow
5. Sinta didn’t play Badminton last week
interrogative
1. Did you go to Japan last year?
2. Did she study Literature last week?
3. When did he buy a new bike five months ago?
4. Why did he call me tomorrow?
5. Did you play football last week?
Simple Present Tense
Positive
1. I study everyware
2. He drinks tea
3. She helps Father
4. He speaks English well
5. It shines by day
Negative
1. I does not study everyware
2. He does not drink tea
3. She does not help father
4. He does not speaks English well
5. It does not shine by day
Interrogative
1. Does you study everyware?
2. Does he drink tea?
3. Does he help father?
4. Does he speak English well?
5. Do not it shine by day?
Present Continuous Tense
Positive
1. They are playing football now.
2. They are learning English now.
3. He is listening to the music now.
4. Martha the gardener, is watering plants now
5. We are speaking English with my colleagues at the moments
Negative
1. They are not playing football now.
2. They are not learning English now.
3. He is not listening to the music now
4. Martha, the gardener, is not watering the plants now.
5. We are not speaking English with my colleagues at the moment now
Interrogative
Interrogative
1. Are they not playing football now?
2. They learning English at the moment?
3. Is he listening to the music now?
4. Is Martha the gardener, not watering the plants now?
5. Are we speaking English with my colleagues now?
Past Continous Tense
Positive
1. She were searching the file in the waiting room,.
2. We was reading a magazine when you came.
3. When the telephone rang, I was taking a shower.
4. When she called me, I was studying English.
5. I was sleeping when my friend came to my house today
Negative
1. She were not searching the file in the waiting room,
2. We was not reading a magazine when you came.
3. When the telephone rang, I was not taking a shower
4. When she called me, I was not studying English
5. I was not sleeping when my friend came to my house today
Interrogative
1. She were searching the file in the waiting room?
2. Was we reading a magazine when you came?
3. Was I taking a shower when the telepohe rang?
4. Was I studying English when she called me?
5. Was I sleeping when my friend came to my house today?
Positive
1. I went to Africa last mounth
2. He studied Calculus last week
3. They bought a new bike five month ago
4. He called me tomorrow
5. Yayat played badminton last week
Negative
1. We didn’t go to Africa last year
2. He didin’t study Calculus last week
3. They didn’t buy a new Bike five months ago
4. He didin’t call me tomorrow
5. Sinta didn’t play Badminton last week
interrogative
1. Did you go to Japan last year?
2. Did she study Literature last week?
3. When did he buy a new bike five months ago?
4. Why did he call me tomorrow?
5. Did you play football last week?
Simple Present Tense
Positive
1. I study everyware
2. He drinks tea
3. She helps Father
4. He speaks English well
5. It shines by day
Negative
1. I does not study everyware
2. He does not drink tea
3. She does not help father
4. He does not speaks English well
5. It does not shine by day
Interrogative
1. Does you study everyware?
2. Does he drink tea?
3. Does he help father?
4. Does he speak English well?
5. Do not it shine by day?
Present Continuous Tense
Positive
1. They are playing football now.
2. They are learning English now.
3. He is listening to the music now.
4. Martha the gardener, is watering plants now
5. We are speaking English with my colleagues at the moments
Negative
1. They are not playing football now.
2. They are not learning English now.
3. He is not listening to the music now
4. Martha, the gardener, is not watering the plants now.
5. We are not speaking English with my colleagues at the moment now
Interrogative
Interrogative
1. Are they not playing football now?
2. They learning English at the moment?
3. Is he listening to the music now?
4. Is Martha the gardener, not watering the plants now?
5. Are we speaking English with my colleagues now?
Past Continous Tense
Positive
1. She were searching the file in the waiting room,.
2. We was reading a magazine when you came.
3. When the telephone rang, I was taking a shower.
4. When she called me, I was studying English.
5. I was sleeping when my friend came to my house today
Negative
1. She were not searching the file in the waiting room,
2. We was not reading a magazine when you came.
3. When the telephone rang, I was not taking a shower
4. When she called me, I was not studying English
5. I was not sleeping when my friend came to my house today
Interrogative
1. She were searching the file in the waiting room?
2. Was we reading a magazine when you came?
3. Was I taking a shower when the telepohe rang?
4. Was I studying English when she called me?
5. Was I sleeping when my friend came to my house today?
Jumat, 25 Maret 2011
From: Aji Arif Riskianto
Manager
Beta Projects Company
New Hampshire
To: Mr. Sarif
Manager-Customer Care
Alpha Products
New Jersey
8th februari, 2011.
Ref: Unserviceable Product
Dear Mr.Sarif,
This is with reference to the Alpha Product we purchased from you on 3rd Februari, vide receipt number ABC 1234. I am sorry to inform you that the product is unserviceable and does not match up to the required standards.
I am sure this is a rare mistake on your part, so I request you to kindly take immediate action and send us a suitable replacement within the next two days.
I am enclosing a copy of the receipt to help you speed up the process of replacement.
Thanking You,
Sincerely,
Aji Arif Riskianto
Manager
Beta Projects Company
Jakarta
To: Mr.Sarif
Manager-Customer Care
Alpha Products
Batam
1th februari, 2011.
Ref: Unserviceable Product
Dear Mr.Sarif,
This is with reference to the Alpha Product we purchased from you on 3rd Februari, vide receipt number ABC 1234. I am sorry to inform you that the product is unserviceable and does not match up to the required standards.
I am sure this is a rare mistake on your part, so I request you to kindly take immediate action and send us a suitable replacement within the next two days.
I am enclosing a copy of the receipt to help you speed up the process of replacement.
Thanking You,
Sincerely,
Aji Arif Riskianto
Manager
Beta Projects Company
New Hampshire
To: Mr. Sarif
Manager-Customer Care
Alpha Products
New Jersey
8th februari, 2011.
Ref: Unserviceable Product
Dear Mr.Sarif,
This is with reference to the Alpha Product we purchased from you on 3rd Februari, vide receipt number ABC 1234. I am sorry to inform you that the product is unserviceable and does not match up to the required standards.
I am sure this is a rare mistake on your part, so I request you to kindly take immediate action and send us a suitable replacement within the next two days.
I am enclosing a copy of the receipt to help you speed up the process of replacement.
Thanking You,
Sincerely,
Aji Arif Riskianto
Manager
Beta Projects Company
Jakarta
To: Mr.Sarif
Manager-Customer Care
Alpha Products
Batam
1th februari, 2011.
Ref: Unserviceable Product
Dear Mr.Sarif,
This is with reference to the Alpha Product we purchased from you on 3rd Februari, vide receipt number ABC 1234. I am sorry to inform you that the product is unserviceable and does not match up to the required standards.
I am sure this is a rare mistake on your part, so I request you to kindly take immediate action and send us a suitable replacement within the next two days.
I am enclosing a copy of the receipt to help you speed up the process of replacement.
Thanking You,
Sincerely,
Aji Arif Riskianto
Sabtu, 01 Januari 2011
BAB I
1. ETIKA TERAPAN
Etika sebagai refleksi adalah pemikiran moral. Etika sebagai refleksi krisis rasional meneropongi dan merefleksi kehidupan manusia dengan mendasarkan diri pada norma dan nilai norma.
Secara umum dibagi menjadi :
a. Etika umum
Berbicara mengenai norma dan nilai moral, kondisi – kondisi dasar bagi manusia untuk bertindak secara etis.
b. Etika khusus
Penerapan prinsip – prinsip dalam bidang kehidupan yang khusus.
2. ETIKA KHUSUS
Etika lingkungan hidup, berbicara mengenai hubungan antara manusia.
Etika lingkungan dapat berupa :
- Cabang dari etika sosial
- Berdiri sendiri
Etika khusus dibagi menjadi :
a. Etika individual
Lebih menyangkut kewajiban dan sikap manusia terhadap dirinya sendiri.
b. Etika sosial
Berbicara mengenai kewajiban dan hak, sikap dan pola prerilaku manusia sebagai makhluk sosial
c. Etika individual dan sosial
Berkaitan erat satu sama lain
3. ETIKA PROFESI
a. Pengertian profesi
Profesi dapat dirumuskan sebagai pekerjaan yang dilakukan sebagai nafkah hidup dengan mengandalkan keahlian.
Orang profesional adalah orang yang melakukan suatu pekerjaan purna waktu dan hidup dari pekerjaan itu.
Orang yang profesional adalah orang yang melakukan suatu pekerjaan karena ahli di bidang tersebut.
b. Ciri – ciri profesi
- Adanya keahlian dan keterampilan khusus
- Adanya komitmen moral yang tinggi
- Biasanya orang yang profesional adalah orang yang hidup dari profesinya
- Pengabdian kepada masyarakat
- Pada profesi luhur ada izin khusus
- Kaum profesional biasanya menjadi anggota dari suatu organisasi profesi
RELATIVITAS MORAL DALAM BISNIS
Tiga pandangan umum yang dianut :
1. Norma etis berbeda antara satu tempat dengan tempat lain
2. Norma sendirilah yang paling benar dan tepat
3. Tidak ada norma moral yang perlu diikuti sama sekali
STAKEHOLDERS
Pendekatan stakeholders adalah cara mengamati dan menjelaskan secara analitis bagaimana berbagai unsur akan saling berpengaruh keputusan dan tindakan bisnis.
Kelompok stakeholders :
1. Kelompok primer
2. Kelompok sekunder
BAB II
BISNIS DAN ETIKA
Mitos bisnis amoral
Mengungkapkan suatu keyakinan bahwa antara bisnis dan etika tidak ada hubungan. Tetapi, mitos ini tidak sepenuhnya benar.
- Beberapa perusahaan berhasil karena memegang teguh kode etis
- Bisnis adalah bagian aktivitas yang penting dari masyarakat
- Harus dibedakan antara legalitas dan moralitas
Keutamaan etika bisnis
1. Dalam bisnis modern, para pelaku bisnis dituntut untuk menjadi profesional.
2. Dalam persaingan bisnis yang sangat ketat, maka konsumen benar – benar raja.
3. Dalam sistem pasar terbuka, peruahaan harus menjalankan bisnisnya dengan baik dan etis.
4. Perusahaan modern sangat menyadari
BAB III
ETIKA UTILITARIANISME DALAM BISNIS
Etika utilitarianisme
Dikembangkan oleh jeremi bentham. Adalah tentang bagaimana menilai baik buruknya suatu kebijaksanaan sosial politik, ekonomi dan legal secara moral.
Kriteria dan prinsip etika utilitarianisme
1. Manfaat
2. Manfaat terbesar
3. Manfaat terbesar bagi sebanyak mungkin orang
Nilai positif etika utilitarianisme
1. Rasionalitas
2. Utilitarianisme sangat menghargai kebebasan setiap pelaku moral
3. Universalitas
Utilitarianisme sebagai proses dan sebagai standar penilaian
1. etika utilitarianisme digunakan sebagai proses untuk mengambil keputusan
2. etika utilitarianisme sebagai standar penilaian bagi tindakan yang telah dilakukan
BAB IV
1. SYARAT BAGI TANGGUNG JAWAB MORAL
- Tindakan itu dijalankan oleh pribadi yang rasional
- Bebas dari tekanan, ancaman, paksaan, dan lain – lain
- Orang yang melakukan memang MAU
2. STATUS PERUAHAAN
Terdapat dua pandangan :
- Legal-creator, perusahaan sepenuhnya ciptaan hukum
- Legal-recognition, suatu usaha bebas dan produktif
3. LINGKUP TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL
- Keterlibatan perusahaan dalam kegiatan sosial
- Keuntungan ekonomis
4. ARGUMEN YANG MENENTANG PERLUNYA KETERLIBATAN SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN
- Tujuan utama bisnis adalah mengejar keuntungan sebesar – besarnya
- Tujuan yang terbagi – bagi dan harapan yang membingungkan
- Biaya keterlibatan sosial
- Kurangnya tenaga terampil di bidang kegiatan sosial
5. ARGUMEN YANG MENDUKUNG PERLUNYA KETERLIBATAN SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN
- Kebutuhan dan harapan masyarakat yang semakin berubah
- Terbatasnya sumber daya alam
- Lingkungan sosial yang lebih baik
- Perimbangan tanggung jawab dan kekuasaan
- Bisnis mempunyai sumber daya yang berguna
- Keuntungan jangka panjang
6. IMPLEMENTASI TANGGUNG JAWA SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN
- Prinsip utama dalam suatu organiasi profesional, adalah bahwa struktur mengikuti strategi
- Strategi yang diwujudkan melalui struktur organisasi demi mencapai tujuan dan misi perusahaan perlu dievaluasi secara periodik, dan salah satu bentuknya adalah Audit Sosial
1. ETIKA TERAPAN
Etika sebagai refleksi adalah pemikiran moral. Etika sebagai refleksi krisis rasional meneropongi dan merefleksi kehidupan manusia dengan mendasarkan diri pada norma dan nilai norma.
Secara umum dibagi menjadi :
a. Etika umum
Berbicara mengenai norma dan nilai moral, kondisi – kondisi dasar bagi manusia untuk bertindak secara etis.
b. Etika khusus
Penerapan prinsip – prinsip dalam bidang kehidupan yang khusus.
2. ETIKA KHUSUS
Etika lingkungan hidup, berbicara mengenai hubungan antara manusia.
Etika lingkungan dapat berupa :
- Cabang dari etika sosial
- Berdiri sendiri
Etika khusus dibagi menjadi :
a. Etika individual
Lebih menyangkut kewajiban dan sikap manusia terhadap dirinya sendiri.
b. Etika sosial
Berbicara mengenai kewajiban dan hak, sikap dan pola prerilaku manusia sebagai makhluk sosial
c. Etika individual dan sosial
Berkaitan erat satu sama lain
3. ETIKA PROFESI
a. Pengertian profesi
Profesi dapat dirumuskan sebagai pekerjaan yang dilakukan sebagai nafkah hidup dengan mengandalkan keahlian.
Orang profesional adalah orang yang melakukan suatu pekerjaan purna waktu dan hidup dari pekerjaan itu.
Orang yang profesional adalah orang yang melakukan suatu pekerjaan karena ahli di bidang tersebut.
b. Ciri – ciri profesi
- Adanya keahlian dan keterampilan khusus
- Adanya komitmen moral yang tinggi
- Biasanya orang yang profesional adalah orang yang hidup dari profesinya
- Pengabdian kepada masyarakat
- Pada profesi luhur ada izin khusus
- Kaum profesional biasanya menjadi anggota dari suatu organisasi profesi
RELATIVITAS MORAL DALAM BISNIS
Tiga pandangan umum yang dianut :
1. Norma etis berbeda antara satu tempat dengan tempat lain
2. Norma sendirilah yang paling benar dan tepat
3. Tidak ada norma moral yang perlu diikuti sama sekali
STAKEHOLDERS
Pendekatan stakeholders adalah cara mengamati dan menjelaskan secara analitis bagaimana berbagai unsur akan saling berpengaruh keputusan dan tindakan bisnis.
Kelompok stakeholders :
1. Kelompok primer
2. Kelompok sekunder
BAB II
BISNIS DAN ETIKA
Mitos bisnis amoral
Mengungkapkan suatu keyakinan bahwa antara bisnis dan etika tidak ada hubungan. Tetapi, mitos ini tidak sepenuhnya benar.
- Beberapa perusahaan berhasil karena memegang teguh kode etis
- Bisnis adalah bagian aktivitas yang penting dari masyarakat
- Harus dibedakan antara legalitas dan moralitas
Keutamaan etika bisnis
1. Dalam bisnis modern, para pelaku bisnis dituntut untuk menjadi profesional.
2. Dalam persaingan bisnis yang sangat ketat, maka konsumen benar – benar raja.
3. Dalam sistem pasar terbuka, peruahaan harus menjalankan bisnisnya dengan baik dan etis.
4. Perusahaan modern sangat menyadari
BAB III
ETIKA UTILITARIANISME DALAM BISNIS
Etika utilitarianisme
Dikembangkan oleh jeremi bentham. Adalah tentang bagaimana menilai baik buruknya suatu kebijaksanaan sosial politik, ekonomi dan legal secara moral.
Kriteria dan prinsip etika utilitarianisme
1. Manfaat
2. Manfaat terbesar
3. Manfaat terbesar bagi sebanyak mungkin orang
Nilai positif etika utilitarianisme
1. Rasionalitas
2. Utilitarianisme sangat menghargai kebebasan setiap pelaku moral
3. Universalitas
Utilitarianisme sebagai proses dan sebagai standar penilaian
1. etika utilitarianisme digunakan sebagai proses untuk mengambil keputusan
2. etika utilitarianisme sebagai standar penilaian bagi tindakan yang telah dilakukan
BAB IV
1. SYARAT BAGI TANGGUNG JAWAB MORAL
- Tindakan itu dijalankan oleh pribadi yang rasional
- Bebas dari tekanan, ancaman, paksaan, dan lain – lain
- Orang yang melakukan memang MAU
2. STATUS PERUAHAAN
Terdapat dua pandangan :
- Legal-creator, perusahaan sepenuhnya ciptaan hukum
- Legal-recognition, suatu usaha bebas dan produktif
3. LINGKUP TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL
- Keterlibatan perusahaan dalam kegiatan sosial
- Keuntungan ekonomis
4. ARGUMEN YANG MENENTANG PERLUNYA KETERLIBATAN SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN
- Tujuan utama bisnis adalah mengejar keuntungan sebesar – besarnya
- Tujuan yang terbagi – bagi dan harapan yang membingungkan
- Biaya keterlibatan sosial
- Kurangnya tenaga terampil di bidang kegiatan sosial
5. ARGUMEN YANG MENDUKUNG PERLUNYA KETERLIBATAN SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN
- Kebutuhan dan harapan masyarakat yang semakin berubah
- Terbatasnya sumber daya alam
- Lingkungan sosial yang lebih baik
- Perimbangan tanggung jawab dan kekuasaan
- Bisnis mempunyai sumber daya yang berguna
- Keuntungan jangka panjang
6. IMPLEMENTASI TANGGUNG JAWA SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN
- Prinsip utama dalam suatu organiasi profesional, adalah bahwa struktur mengikuti strategi
- Strategi yang diwujudkan melalui struktur organisasi demi mencapai tujuan dan misi perusahaan perlu dievaluasi secara periodik, dan salah satu bentuknya adalah Audit Sosial
Manfaat etika bisnis
Mempelajari etika bisnis menurut K. Bartens ada 3 keinginan yang ingin dicapai yaitu:
1.Menanamkan atau meningkatkan kesadaran akan adanya dimensi etis dalam berbisnis, menanamkan jika sebelumnya kesadaran itu tidak ada, dan menambahkan jika sebelumnya dinilai kurang
2.Memperkenalkan argumentasi moral khususnya dibidang ekonomi dan bisnis, serta membantu pembisnis/calon pebinis dalam menyusun argumentasi moral yang tepat
3.Membantu pebisnis atau calon pebisnis dalam menetapkan sikap atau moral yang tepat didalam profesinya nanti
1.Menanamkan atau meningkatkan kesadaran akan adanya dimensi etis dalam berbisnis, menanamkan jika sebelumnya kesadaran itu tidak ada, dan menambahkan jika sebelumnya dinilai kurang
2.Memperkenalkan argumentasi moral khususnya dibidang ekonomi dan bisnis, serta membantu pembisnis/calon pebinis dalam menyusun argumentasi moral yang tepat
3.Membantu pebisnis atau calon pebisnis dalam menetapkan sikap atau moral yang tepat didalam profesinya nanti
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